{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T03:05:13Z","timestamp":1740107113792,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["714704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["714704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS-1855653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS-1855653"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS-1953929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS-1953929"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Graphs and Combinatorics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recently, Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, Norin, and Postle introduced flexibility as an extension of list coloring on graphs (J Graph Theory 92(3):191\u2013206, 2019, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1002\/jgt.22447\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jgt.22447<\/jats:ext-link>). In this new setting, each vertex <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic> in some subset of <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>) has a request for a certain color <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>) in its list of colors <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>). The goal is to find an <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic> coloring satisfying many, but not necessarily all, of the requests. The main studied question is whether there exists a universal constant <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\varepsilon &gt;0$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>\u03b5<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>&gt;<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mn>0<\/mml:mn>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> such that any graph <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic> in some graph class <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\mathscr {C}$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>C<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> satisfies at least <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\varepsilon$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>\u03b5<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> proportion of the requests. More formally, for <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$k &gt; 0$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>k<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>&gt;<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mn>0<\/mml:mn>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> the goal is to prove that for any graph <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$G \\in \\mathscr {C}$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>G<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2208<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>C<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> on vertex set <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>, with any list assignment <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic> of size <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic> for each vertex, and for every <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$R \\subseteq V$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2286<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>V<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> and a request vector <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$(r(v): v\\in R, ~r(v) \\in L(v))$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>v<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mo>:<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>v<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2208<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mspace\/>\n                    <mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>v<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2208<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>L<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>v<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, there exists an <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>-coloring of <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic> satisfying at least <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\varepsilon |R|$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>\u03b5<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>|<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>|<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> requests. If this is true, then <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\mathscr {C}$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>C<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> is called <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\varepsilon$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>\u03b5<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>-<jats:italic>flexible for lists of size <\/jats:italic><jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>. Choi, Clemen, Ferrara, Horn, Ma, and Masa\u0159\u00edk (Discrete Appl Math 306:20\u2013132, 2022, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1016\/j.dam.2021.09.021\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dam.2021.09.021<\/jats:ext-link>) introduced the notion of <jats:italic>weak flexibility<\/jats:italic>, where <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$R = V$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>V<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>. We further develop this direction by introducing a tool to handle weak flexibility. We demonstrate this new tool by showing that for every positive integer <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic> there exists <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\varepsilon (b)&gt;0$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>\u03b5<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>b<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mo>&gt;<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mn>0<\/mml:mn>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> so that the class of planar graphs without <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$K_4, C_5 , C_6 , C_7, B_b$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>K<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mn>4<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>C<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mn>5<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>C<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mn>6<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>C<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mn>7<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>B<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mi>b<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> is weakly <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\varepsilon (b)$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>\u03b5<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>b<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>-flexible for lists of size 4 (here <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$K_n$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mi>K<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:msub>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$C_n$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mi>C<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:msub>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> and <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$B_n$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mi>B<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:msub>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> are the complete graph, a cycle, and a book on <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> vertices, respectively). We also show that the class of planar graphs without <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$K_4, C_5 , C_6 , C_7, B_5$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>K<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mn>4<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>C<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mn>5<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>C<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mn>6<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>C<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mn>7<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>B<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mn>5<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> is <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\varepsilon$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mi>\u03b5<\/mml:mi>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>-flexible for lists of size 4. The results are tight as these graph classes are not even 3-colorable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00373-022-02564-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T19:07:51Z","timestamp":1666897671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["On Weak Flexibility in Planar Graphs"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8612-3594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Lidick\u00fd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8524-4036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Masa\u0159\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5128-3771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shira","family":"Zerbib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2564_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgt.22849","author":"P Bradshaw","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bradshaw, P., Masa\u0159\u00edk, T., Stacho, L.: Flexible list colorings in graphs with special degeneracy conditions. 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