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While the waveform of single EODs contains information about the sender\u2019s identity, the variable IDI patterns convey information about its current motivational and behavioural state. Pairs of fish can synchronize their EODs to each other via echo responses, and we have previously formulated a \u2018social attention hypothesis\u2019 stating that fish use echo responses to address specific individuals and establish brief dyadic communication frameworks within a group. Here, we employed a mobile fish robot to investigate the behaviour of small groups of up to four <jats:italic>Mormyrus rume<\/jats:italic> and characterized the social situations during which synchronizations occurred. An EOD-emitting robot reliably evoked social following behaviour, which was strongest in smaller groups and declined with increasing group size. We did not find significant differences in motor behaviour of <jats:italic>M. rume<\/jats:italic> with either an interactive playback (echo response) or a random control playback by the robot. Still, the robot reliably elicited mutual synchronizations with other fish. Synchronizations mostly occurred during relatively close social interactions, usually when the fish that initiated synchronization approached either the robot or another fish from a distance. The results support our social attention hypothesis and suggest that electric signal synchronization might facilitate the exchange of social information during a wide range of social behaviours from aggressive territorial displays to shoaling and even cooperative hunting in some mormyrids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-021-00892-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T10:02:57Z","timestamp":1629108177000},"page":"599-613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Electric signal synchronization as a behavioural strategy to generate social attention in small groups of mormyrid weakly electric fish and a mobile fish robot"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9696-1954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Worm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4951-5235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Landgraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5780-7097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"von der Emde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1570","key":"892_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3101","volume":"272","author":"ME Arnegard","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arnegard ME, Carlson BA (2005) Electric organ discharge patterns during group hunting by a mormyrid fish. 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