{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]],"date-time":"2025-05-17T08:03:52Z","timestamp":1747469032023,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001782","name":"University of Melbourne","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithmica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Let <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$P=\\{p_0,\\ldots ,p_{n-1}\\}$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mo>{<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mn>0<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2026<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>}<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> be a set of points in <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${\\mathbb R}^d$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msup>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>d<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:msup>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, modeling devices in a wireless network. A range assignment assigns a range <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$r(p_i)$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> to each point <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$p_i\\in P$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2208<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, thus inducing a directed communication graph <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\mathcal {G}_r$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mi>G<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:msub>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> in which there is a directed edge <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$(p_i,p_j)$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mi>j<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> iff <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\\,\\textrm{dist}\\,}}(p_i, p_j) \\leqslant r(p_i)$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mspace\/>\n                      <mml:mtext>dist<\/mml:mtext>\n                      <mml:mspace\/>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mi>j<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mo>\u2a7d<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, where <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\\,\\textrm{dist}\\,}}(p_i,p_j)$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mspace\/>\n                      <mml:mtext>dist<\/mml:mtext>\n                      <mml:mspace\/>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mi>j<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> denotes the distance between\u00a0<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$p_i$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:msub>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> and\u00a0<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$p_j$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mi>j<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:msub>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>. The range-assignment problem is to assign the transmission ranges such that <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\mathcal {G}_r$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mi>G<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:msub>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> has a certain desirable property, while minimizing the cost of the assignment; here the cost is given by <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\sum _{p_i\\in P} r(p_i)^{\\alpha }$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:msub>\n                      <mml:mo>\u2211<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:msub>\n                          <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mo>\u2208<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:msup>\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:msub>\n                          <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:msup>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, for some constant\u00a0<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\alpha &gt;1$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>&gt;<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> called the distance-power gradient. We introduce the online version of the range-assignment problem, where the points <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$p_j$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mi>j<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:msub>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> arrive one by one, and the range assignment has to be updated at each arrival. Following the standard in online algorithms, resources given out cannot be taken away\u2014in our case this means that the transmission ranges will never decrease. The property we want to maintain is that <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\mathcal {G}_r$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mi>G<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:msub>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> has a broadcast tree rooted at the first point\u00a0<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$p_0$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mn>0<\/mml:mn>\n                  <\/mml:msub>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>. Our results include the following.<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>We prove that already in <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${\\mathbb R}^1$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:msup>\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:msup>\n                    <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, a 1-competitive algorithm does not exist. In particular, for distance-power gradient\u00a0<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\alpha =2$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> any online algorithm has competitive ratio at least\u00a01.57.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>For points in <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${\\mathbb R}^1$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:msup>\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:msup>\n                    <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> and <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${\\mathbb R}^2$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:msup>\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:msup>\n                    <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, we analyze two natural strategies for updating the range assignment upon the arrival of a new point <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$p_j$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mi>j<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:msub>\n                    <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>. The strategies do not change the assignment if <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$p_j$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mi>j<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:msub>\n                    <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> is already within range of an existing point, otherwise they increase the range of a single point, as follows: <jats:sc>Nearest-Neighbor<\/jats:sc> (<jats:sc>nn<\/jats:sc>) increases the range of <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\\,\\textrm{nn}\\,}}(p_j)$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mspace\/>\n                          <mml:mtext>nn<\/mml:mtext>\n                          <mml:mspace\/>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:msub>\n                          <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:mi>j<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, the nearest neighbor of\u00a0<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$p_j$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mi>j<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:msub>\n                    <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, to <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\\,\\textrm{dist}\\,}}(p_j, {{\\,\\textrm{nn}\\,}}(p_j))$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mspace\/>\n                          <mml:mtext>dist<\/mml:mtext>\n                          <mml:mspace\/>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:msub>\n                          <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:mi>j<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mspace\/>\n                          <mml:mtext>nn<\/mml:mtext>\n                          <mml:mspace\/>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                          <mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi>j<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:msub>\n                          <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, and <jats:sc>Cheapest Increase<\/jats:sc> (<jats:sc>ci<\/jats:sc>) increases the range of the point <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$p_i$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:msub>\n                    <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> for which the resulting cost increase to be able to reach the new point\u00a0<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$p_j$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mi>j<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:msub>\n                    <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> is minimal. We give lower and upper bounds on the competitive ratio of these strategies as a function of the distance-power gradient\u00a0<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\alpha $$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>. We also analyze the following variant of <jats:sc>nn<\/jats:sc> in <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${\\mathbb R}^2$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:msup>\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:msup>\n                    <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> for <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\\alpha =2$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>: <jats:sc>2-Nearest-Neighbor<\/jats:sc> (2-<jats:sc>nn<\/jats:sc>) increases the range of <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\\,\\textrm{nn}\\,}}(p_j)$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mspace\/>\n                          <mml:mtext>nn<\/mml:mtext>\n                          <mml:mspace\/>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:msub>\n                          <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:mi>j<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> to <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$2\\cdot {{\\,\\textrm{dist}\\,}}(p_j,{{\\,\\textrm{nn}\\,}}(p_j))$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mn>2<\/mml:mn>\n                        <mml:mo>\u00b7<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mspace\/>\n                          <mml:mtext>dist<\/mml:mtext>\n                          <mml:mspace\/>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:msub>\n                          <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:mi>j<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mspace\/>\n                          <mml:mtext>nn<\/mml:mtext>\n                          <mml:mspace\/>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                          <mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi>j<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:msub>\n                          <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mo>)<\/mml:mo>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>,<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:list-item>\n                <jats:list-item>\n                  <jats:p>We generalize the problem to points in arbitrary metric spaces, where we present an <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$O(\\log n)$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>O<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>(<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mo>log<\/mml:mo>\n                        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