{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T01:08:56Z","timestamp":1760404136448},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,30]],"date-time":"2012-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348963200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soft Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-012-0922-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,30]],"date-time":"2012-09-30T22:04:03Z","timestamp":1349042643000},"page":"503-518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Evolving optimum populations with XCS classifier systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Will N.","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"922_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acampora G, Cadenas JM, Loia V, Ballester EM (2011) A multi-agent memetic system for human-based knowledge selection. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern A Systems Humans 41(5):946\u2013960","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2011.2109376"},{"key":"922_CR1","unstructured":"Ahluwalia M, Bull L (1999) A genetic programming based classifier system. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, pp 11\u201318"},{"issue":"2","key":"922_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.2010.18.2.18206","volume":"18","author":"E Alfaro-Cid","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alfaro-Cid E, Merelo JJ, de Vega FF, Esparcia-Alc\u00e1zar AI, Sharman K (2010) Bloat control operators and diversity in genetic programming: a comparative study. Evol Comput 18(2):305\u2013332","journal-title":"Evol Comput"},{"key":"922_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altenberg L (1995) The schema theorem and Price\u2019s theorem. In: Foundations of genetic algorithms, pp 23\u201349","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-356-1.50006-6"},{"key":"922_CR4","unstructured":"Banzhaf W, Nordin P, Keller RE, Francone FD (1998) Genetic programming\u2014an introduction: on the automatic evolution of computer programs and its applications. Morgan Kaufmann, Burlington"},{"issue":"3","key":"922_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1162\/106365603322365289","volume":"11","author":"E Bernad-Mansilla","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bernad-Mansilla E, Garrell-Guiu JM (2003) Accuracy-based learning classifier systems: models, analysis and applications to classification tasks. Evol Comput 11(3):209\u2013238","journal-title":"Evol Comput"},{"key":"922_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-2647(96)01657-7","volume":"41","author":"HG Beyer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Beyer HG (1997) An alternative explanation for the manner in which genetic algorithms operate. BioSystems 41:1\u201315","journal-title":"BioSystems"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"922_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90050-7","volume":"40","author":"LB Booker","year":"1989","unstructured":"Booker LB, Goldberg DE, Holland JH (1989) Classifier systems and genetic algorithms. Artif Intell 40(1-3):235\u2013282","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"key":"922_CR8","unstructured":"Burjorjee KM (2008) The fundamental problem with the building block hypothesis"},{"key":"922_CR9","unstructured":"Butz MV (2000) XCSJava 1.0: an implementation of the XCS classifier system in Java. Technical Report 2000027, Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory"},{"key":"922_CR10","unstructured":"Butz MV (2007) Combining gradient-based with evolutionary online learning: an introduction to learning classifier systems. In: Proceedings of the seventh international conference on hybrid intelligent systems, pp 12\u201317"},{"key":"922_CR11","unstructured":"Butz MV, Kovacs T, Lanzi PL, Wilson SW (2001) How XCS evolves accurate classifiers. Technical Report 2001008, Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory"},{"issue":"1","key":"922_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2003.818194","volume":"8","author":"MV Butz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Butz MV, Kovacs T, Lanzi PL, Wilson SW (2004) Toward a theory of generalization and learning in XCS. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 8(1):28\u201346","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Evol Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"922_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.2006.14.3.345","volume":"14","author":"MV Butz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Butz MV, Pelikan M, Llor\u00e1 X, Goldberg DE (2006) Automated global structure extraction for effective local building block processing in XCS. Evol Comput 14(3):345\u2013380","journal-title":"Evol Comput"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"922_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s005000100111","volume":"6","author":"MV Butz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Butz MV, Wilson SW (2002) An algorithmic description of XCS. Soft Comput A Fusion Found Methodol Appl 6(3-4):144\u2013153","journal-title":"Soft Comput A Fusion Found Methodol Appl"},{"key":"922_CR15","unstructured":"Drugowitsch J (2008) Design and analysis of learning classifier systems: a probabilistic approach. Springer Berlin"},{"key":"922_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eiben AE, Smith JE (2003) Introduction to evolutionary computing, 1st edn. Natural Computing Series. Springer, Berlin","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-05094-1_1"},{"key":"922_CR17","unstructured":"Goldberg DE (1989) Genetic algorithms in search, optimization and machine learning. Addison Wesley, Boston"},{"key":"922_CR18","unstructured":"Holland JH (1975) Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor"},{"key":"922_CR19","unstructured":"Holland JH (1986) Escaping brittleness: the possibilities of general-purpose learning algorithms applied to parallel rule-based systems. In: Machine learning: an artificial intelligence approach, vol II. Morgan Kaufmann, Burlington, pp 593\u2013623"},{"key":"922_CR20","unstructured":"Ioannides C, Browne WN (2007) Investigating scaling of an abstracted LCS utilising ternary and S-expression alphabets. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, pp 2759\u20132764"},{"key":"922_CR21","unstructured":"Jong KAD (2006) Evolutionary computation: a unified approach. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"4","key":"922_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-009-0029-9","volume":"2","author":"D Kinzett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kinzett D, Johnston M, Zhang M (2009) Numerical simplification for bloat control and analysis of building blocks in genetic programming. Evol Intell 2(4):151\u2013168","journal-title":"Evolutionary Intelligence"},{"key":"922_CR23","unstructured":"Kovacs T (1996) Evolving optimal populations with XCS classifier systems. Technical Report CSR-96-17 and CSRP-9617, University of Birmingham, UK"},{"key":"922_CR24","unstructured":"Koza JR (1992) Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"922_CR25","unstructured":"Koza JR, Poli R (2005) Genetic programming. In: Search methodologies: introductory tutorials in optimization and decision support techniques, chap. 5. Springer, Berlin, pp 127\u2013164"},{"key":"922_CR26","unstructured":"Lanzi PL (1999) Extending the representation of classifier conditions Part I: from binary to messy coding. In Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, pp 337\u2013344"},{"key":"922_CR27","unstructured":"Lanzi PL, Loiacono D (2007) Classifier systems that compute action mappings. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, pp 1822\u20131829"},{"key":"922_CR28","unstructured":"Lanzi PL, Loiacono D, Wilson SW, Goldberg DE (2005) XCS with computed prediction for the learning of Boolean functions. Technical Report 2005007, Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory"},{"issue":"2","key":"922_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.2007.15.2.133","volume":"15","author":"PL Lanzi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lanzi PL, Loiacono D, Wilson SW, Goldberg DE (2007) Generalization in the XCSF classifier system: analysis, improvement, and extension. Evol Comput 15(2):133\u2013168","journal-title":"Evol Comput"},{"key":"922_CR30","unstructured":"Lanzi PL, Perrucci A (1999) Extending the representation of classifier conditions Part II: from messy coding to S-expressions. In: Proceedings of the genetic and evolutionary computation conference, pp 345\u2013352"},{"key":"922_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanzi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (2000) Learning classifier systems: from foundations to applications. Springer, Berlin","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45027-0"},{"key":"922_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loiacono D, Marelli A, Lanzi P (2007) Support vector machines for computing action mappings in learning classifier systems. In: Proceedings of the congress on evolutionary computation, pp 2141\u20132148","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2007.4424737"},{"issue":"3","key":"922_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.2006.14.3.309","volume":"14","author":"S Luke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Luke S, Panait L (2006) A comparison of bloat control methods for genetic programming. Evol Comput 14(3):309\u2013344","journal-title":"Evol Comput"},{"key":"922_CR34","unstructured":"Mhlenbein H, Paa\u00df G (1996) From recombination of genes to the estimation of distributions I. Binary parameters. In: Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, pp 178\u2013187"},{"key":"922_CR35","unstructured":"Orriols-Puig A, Bernad\u00f3-Mansilla E (2006) A further look at UCS classifier system. In: Proceedings of the ninth international workshop on learning classifier systems. Springer, Berlin"},{"issue":"1","key":"922_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013500812258","volume":"21","author":"M Pelikan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pelikan M, Goldberg DE, Lobo FG (2002) A survey of optimization by building and using probabilistic models. Comput Optim Appl 21(1):5\u201320","journal-title":"Comput Optim Appl"},{"key":"922_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poli R (2000) Why the schema theorem is correct also in the presence of stochastic effects. In: Proceedings of the congress on evolutionary computation, pp 487\u2013492","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2000.870336"},{"key":"922_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1998.6.3.231","volume":"6","author":"R Poli","year":"1998","unstructured":"Poli R, Langdon WB (1998) Schema theory for genetic programming with one-point crossover and point mutation. Evol Comput 6:231\u2013252","journal-title":"Evol Comput"},{"key":"922_CR39","unstructured":"Poli R, Langdon WB, McPhee NF (2008) A field guide to genetic programming. Lulu Enterprises, UK Ltd"},{"key":"922_CR40","unstructured":"Rivest RL (1997) S-expressions, Internet Engineering Task Force\u2014Internet Draft. http:\/\/people.csail.mit.edu\/rivest\/Sexp.txt,1997"},{"issue":"4","key":"922_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10710-009-9092-3","volume":"10","author":"D Robilliard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robilliard D, Marion-Poty V, Fonlupt C (2009) Genetic programming on graphics processing units. Genet Program Evol Mach 10(4):447\u2013471","journal-title":"Genet Program Evol Mach"},{"key":"922_CR42","unstructured":"Russell SJ, Norvig P (2011) Artificial intelligence: a modern approach, 3rd edn. Pearson Education, Boston"},{"key":"922_CR43","unstructured":"Smith SF (1980) A learning system based on genetic adaptive algorithms. PhD thesis"},{"key":"922_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutton RS, Barto AG (1998) Reinforcement learning: an introduction. MIT Press, Cambridge","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.1998.712192"},{"issue":"8","key":"922_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-008-0348-2","volume":"13","author":"Y Tenne","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tenne Y, Armfield S (2009) A framework for memetic optimization using variable global and local surrogate models. Soft Comput A Fusion Found Methodol Appl 13(8):781\u2013793","journal-title":"Soft Comput A Fusion Found Methodol Appl"},{"key":"922_CR45","unstructured":"Thrun S (1996) Is learning the n-th thing any easier than learning the first? In: Advances in neural information processing systems. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 640\u2013646"},{"issue":"1","key":"922_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/736398","volume":"2009","author":"RJ Urbanowicz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Urbanowicz RJ, Moore JH (2009) Learning classifier systems: a complete introduction, review, and roadmap. J Artif Evol Appl 2009(1):1\u201325","journal-title":"J Artif Evol Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"922_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1994.2.1.1","volume":"2","author":"SW Wilson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wilson SW (1994) ZCS: a zeroth level classifier system. Evol Comput 2(1):1\u201318","journal-title":"Evol Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"922_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1995.3.2.149","volume":"3","author":"SW Wilson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wilson SW (1995) Classifier fitness based on accuracy. Evol Comput 3(2):149\u2013175","journal-title":"Evol Comput"},{"key":"922_CR49","unstructured":"Wilson SW (1998) Generalization in the XCS classifier system. In: Procedings of the third annual genetic programming conference, pp 665\u2013674"},{"key":"922_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016535925043","volume":"1","author":"SW Wilson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wilson SW (2002) Classifiers that approximate functions. Nat Comput 1:211\u2013233","journal-title":"Natural Computing"}],"container-title":["Soft Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00500-012-0922-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00500-012-0922-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00500-012-0922-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T05:31:30Z","timestamp":1562218290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00500-012-0922-5"}},"subtitle":["XCS with code fragmented action"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,30]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["922"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00500-012-0922-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-7643","1433-7479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-7643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-7479","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,30]]}}}