{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T19:45:29Z","timestamp":1744400729459,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"PAUISTI through the Commission of the African Union"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soft Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-03802-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T23:47:56Z","timestamp":1548892076000},"page":"12521-12527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Application of a fuzzy unit hypercube in cardiovascular risk classification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4471-0691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey O.","family":"Barini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Livingstone M.","family":"Ngoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald W.","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"3802_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2017.08.443","volume":"20","author":"A Acs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Acs A, Ludwig C, Bereza B, Einarson T, Panton U (2017) Economic burden of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Value Health 20(9):A476\u2013A477","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"3802_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-017-0178-2","volume":"7","author":"AM Alqudah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alqudah AM (2017) Fuzzy expert system for coronary heart disease diagnosis in Jordan. Health Technol 7(2\u20133):215\u2013222","journal-title":"Health Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3802_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(91)90861-B","volume":"121","author":"KM Anderson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Anderson KM, Odell PM, Wilson PW, Kannel WB (1991) Cardiovascular disease risk profiles. Am Heart J 121(1):293\u2013298","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3802_CR4","first-page":"27","volume":"24","author":"P Anooj","year":"2012","unstructured":"Anooj P (2012) Clinical decision support system: risk level prediction of heart disease using weighted fuzzy rules. J King Saud Univ Comput Inf Sci 24(1):27\u201340","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ Comput Inf Sci"},{"key":"3802_CR5","volume-title":"Fuzzy logic in medicine","author":"S Barro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barro S, Mar\u00edn R (2013) Fuzzy logic in medicine, vol 83. Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg"},{"issue":"4","key":"3802_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1012848","volume":"366","author":"JD Berry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berry JD, Dyer A, Cai X, Garside DB, Ning H, Thomas A, Greenland P, Van Horn L, Tracy RP, Lloyd-Jones DM (2012) Lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 366(4):321\u2013329","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"3802_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-305693","volume":"100","author":"N Boon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boon N, Boyle R, Bradbury K, Buckley J, Connolly S, Craig S, Deanfield J, Doherty P, Feher M, Fox K et al (2014) Joint British Societies\u2019 consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3). Heart 100(Suppl 2):ii1\u2013ii67","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"3802_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buede DM (1994) Examination of the fuzzy subsethood theorem for data fusion. In: Multisensor fusion and integration for intelligent systems, 1994. IEEE international conference on MFI\u201994, IEEE, pp 430\u2013434","DOI":"10.1109\/MFI.1994.398422"},{"key":"3802_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22555-0_13","volume-title":"Advances in computing and information technology","author":"E Ephzibah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ephzibah E (2011) A hybrid genetic-fuzzy expert system for effective heart disease diagnosis. In: Wyld DC, Wozniak M, Chaki N, Meghanathan N, Nagamalai D (eds) Advances in computing and information technology. Springer, Berlin, pp 115\u2013121"},{"issue":"13","key":"3802_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041031","volume":"351","author":"AS Go","year":"2004","unstructured":"Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu Cy (2004) Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 351(13):1296\u20131305","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3802_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-6-20","volume":"6","author":"E Grossi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grossi E (2006) How artificial intelligence tools can be used to assess individual patient risk in cardiovascular disease: problems with the current methods. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 6(1):20","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"3802_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(97)00149-4","volume":"11","author":"CM Helgason","year":"1998","unstructured":"Helgason CM, Jobe TH (1998) The fuzzy cube and causal efficacy: representation of concomitant mechanisms in stroke. Neural Netw 11(3):549\u2013555","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"issue":"02","key":"3802_CR13","first-page":"210","volume":"88","author":"CM Helgason","year":"2002","unstructured":"Helgason CM, Watkins FA, Jobe TH (2002) Measurable differences between sequential and parallel diagnostic decision processes for determining stroke subtype: a representation of interacting pathologies. Thromb Haemost 88(02):210\u2013212","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"3802_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahtan H, Zamli KZ, Fatthi WNAWA, Abdullah A, Abdulleteef M, Kamarulzaman NS (2018) Heart disease diagnosis system using fuzzy logic. In: Proceedings of the 2018 7th international conference on software and computer applications, ACM, pp 297\u2013301","DOI":"10.1145\/3185089.3185118"},{"key":"3802_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasbe T, Pippal RS (2017) Design of heart disease diagnosis system using fuzzy logic. In: 2017 international conference on energy, communication, data analytics and soft computing (ICECDS), IEEE, pp 3183\u20133187","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECDS.2017.8390044"},{"issue":"3","key":"3802_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2015.21.3.167","volume":"21","author":"J Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim J, Lee J, Lee Y (2015) Data-mining-based coronary heart disease risk prediction model using fuzzy logic and decision tree. Healthc Inform Res 21(3):167\u2013174","journal-title":"Healthc Inform Res"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"3802_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/03081079008935108","volume":"17","author":"B Kosko","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kosko B (1990) Fuzziness vs. probability. Int J General Syst 17(2\u20133):211\u2013240","journal-title":"Int J General Syst"},{"issue":"21","key":"3802_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.03.571","volume":"69","author":"C Krittanawong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krittanawong C, Zhang H, Wang Z, Aydar M, Kitai T (2017) Artificial intelligence in precision cardiovascular medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 69(21):2657\u20132664","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"3802_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi733","volume":"27","author":"J Leal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leal J, Luengo-Fern\u00e1ndez R, Gray A, Petersen S, Rayner M (2006) Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in the enlarged european union. Eur Heart J 27(13):1610\u20131619","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"3802_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2016.04.008","volume":"237","author":"M Lewis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lewis M, Lawry J (2016) Hierarchical conceptual spaces for concept combination. Artif Intell 237:204\u2013227","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"issue":"4","key":"3802_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000350","volume":"133","author":"D Mozaffarian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, Das SR, de Ferranti S, Despr\u00e9s JP, Fullerton HJ et al (2015) Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142016 update: a report from the American heart association. Circulation 133(4):e38\u2013e360. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000350","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"13","key":"3802_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1002024","volume":"363","author":"KV Narayan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Narayan KV, Ali MK, Koplan JP (2010) Global noncommunicable diseases\u2014where worlds meet. N Engl J Med 363(13):1196\u20131198","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3802_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(02)00080-5","volume":"27","author":"JJ Nieto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nieto JJ, Torres A (2003) Midpoints for fuzzy sets and their application in medicine. Artif Intell Med 27(1):81\u2013101","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3802_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1157\/13116658","volume":"61","author":"CJ O\u2019Donnell","year":"2008","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell CJ, Elosua R (2008) Cardiovascular risk factors. Insights from framingham heart study. Revista Espanola de Cardiologia (English Edition) 61(3):299\u2013310","journal-title":"Revista Espanola de Cardiologia (English Edition)"},{"issue":"4","key":"3802_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.11.018","volume":"61","author":"PT O\u2019gara","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, Casey DE, Chung MK, De\u00a0Lemos JA, Ettinger SM, Fang JC, Fesmire FM, Franklin BA et al (2013) 2013 ACCF\/AHA guideline for the management of st-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary: a report of the American college of cardiology foundation\/American heart association task force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 61(4):485\u2013510","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3802_CR26","first-page":"81","volume":"3","author":"K Rajeswari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rajeswari K, Vaithiyanathan V (2011) Heart disease diagnosis: an efficient decision support system based on fuzzy logic and genetic algorithm. Int J Decis Sci Risk Manag 3(1\u20132):81\u201397","journal-title":"Int J Decis Sci Risk Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"3802_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10700-006-0020-1","volume":"5","author":"JT Rickard","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rickard JT (2006) A concept geometry for conceptual spaces. Fuzzy Optim Decis Mak 5(4):311\u2013329","journal-title":"Fuzzy Optim Decis Mak"},{"key":"3802_CR28","volume-title":"Fuzzy logic with engineering applications","author":"TJ Ross","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ross TJ (2009) Fuzzy logic with engineering applications. Wiley, Hoboken"},{"issue":"1","key":"3802_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.052","volume":"70","author":"GA Roth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roth GA, Johnson C, Abajobir A, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abyu G, Ahmed M, Aksut B, Alam T, Alam K et al (2017) Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases for 10 causes, 1990 to 2015. J Am Coll Cardiol 70(1):1\u201325","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3802_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(99)00015-9","volume":"17","author":"K Sadegh-Zadeh","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sadegh-Zadeh K (1999) Fundamentals of clinical methodology: 3. Nosology. Artif Intell Med 17(1):87\u2013108","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"key":"3802_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2260-6","volume-title":"Handbook of analytic philosophy of medicine","author":"K Sadegh-Zadeh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sadegh-Zadeh K et al (2012) Handbook of analytic philosophy of medicine. Springer, Dordrecht"},{"key":"3802_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-0819-1_22","volume-title":"Advances in soft computing","author":"AA Savinov","year":"1999","unstructured":"Savinov AA (1999) Application of multi-dimensional fuzzy analysis to decision making. In: Roy R, Furuhashi T, Chawdhry PK (eds) Advances in soft computing. Springer, London, pp 301\u2013314"},{"key":"3802_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D, Group MRFITR et\u00a0al (1993) Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Diabetes Care 16(2):434\u2013444","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.16.2.434"},{"issue":"5","key":"3802_CR34","first-page":"356","volume":"39","author":"CL Ventola","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ventola CL (2014) Mobile devices and apps for health care professionals: uses and benefits. Pharm Ther 39(5):356","journal-title":"Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"3802_CR35","first-page":"388","volume":"2","author":"K Vijaya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vijaya K, Khanna Nehemiah H, Kannan A, Bhuvaneswari N (2010) Fuzzy neuro genetic approach for predicting the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Int J Data Min Model Manag 2(4):388\u2013402","journal-title":"Int J Data Min Model Manag"},{"issue":"18","key":"3802_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.18.1837","volume":"97","author":"PW Wilson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wilson PW, D\u2019Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB (1998) Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 97(18):1837\u20131847","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"3802_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X","volume":"8","author":"LA Zadeh","year":"1965","unstructured":"Zadeh LA (1965) Fuzzy sets. Inf Control 8(3):338\u2013353","journal-title":"Inf Control"},{"key":"3802_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahan S, Bogdan R, Capalneanu R (2000) Fuzzy expert system for cardiovascular disease diagnosis-tests and performance evaluation. In: Proceedings of the 5th seminar on neural network applications in electrical engineering, 2000. NEUREL 2000. IEEE, pp 65\u201368","DOI":"10.1109\/NEUREL.2000.902386"},{"issue":"3","key":"3802_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-018-0892-y","volume":"42","author":"XS Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang XS, Leu FY, Yang CW, Lai LS (2018) Healthcare-based on cloud electrocardiogram system: a medical center experience in middle Taiwan. J Med Syst 42(3):39","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"key":"3802_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao J, Bose BK (2002) Evaluation of membership functions for fuzzy logic controlled induction motor drive. In: IECON 02 IEEE 2002 28th annual conference of the industrial electronics society, IEEE, vol\u00a01, pp 229\u2013234","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2002.1187512"},{"key":"3802_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhiqiang G, Lingsong H, Hang T, Cong L (2015) A cloud computing based mobile healthcare service system. In: 2015 IEEE 3rd international conference on smart instrumentation, measurement and applications (ICSIMA), IEEE, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSIMA.2015.7559009"},{"key":"3802_CR42","volume-title":"Fuzzy set theory\u2014and its applications","author":"HJ Zimmermann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zimmermann HJ (2011) Fuzzy set theory\u2014and its applications. Springer, New York"}],"container-title":["Soft Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00500-019-03802-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00500-019-03802-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00500-019-03802-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T19:09:18Z","timestamp":1580324958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00500-019-03802-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00500-019-03802-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-7643","1433-7479"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1432-7643"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1433-7479"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}