{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T22:15:45Z","timestamp":1780438545636,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]],"date-time":"2019-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554422400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soft Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-03971-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]],"date-time":"2019-04-06T23:01:08Z","timestamp":1554591668000},"page":"1357-1376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hierarchical granular hotspots detection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5690-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Di Martino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Witold","family":"Pedrycz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Sessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3971_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2008.12.014","volume":"41","author":"TK Anderson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anderson TK (2009) Kernel density estimation and K-means clustering to profile road accident hotspots. Accident Anal. Preview 41(3):359\u2013364. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aap.2008.12.014","journal-title":"Accident Anal. Preview"},{"key":"3971_CR2","volume-title":"GIS and crime mapping (chapter 6), identifying crime hotspots","author":"S Chainey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chainey S, Ratcliffe J (2013) GIS and crime mapping (chapter 6), identifying crime hotspots. Wiley, Hoboken. ISBN: 10-470-86099-5"},{"key":"3971_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203301074_chapter_3","volume-title":"Innovations in GIS 9: socio-economic applications of geographic information science","author":"S Chainey","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chainey S, Reid S, Stuart N (2002) When is a hotspot a hotspot? A procedure for creating statistically robust hotspot maps of crime. In: Kidner D, Higgs G, White S (eds) Innovations in GIS 9: socio-economic applications of geographic information science. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 21\u201336. ISBN: 978-0415279109"},{"issue":"9","key":"3971_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.03.071","volume":"38","author":"F Martino Di","year":"2011","unstructured":"Di Martino F, Sessa S (2011) The extended fuzzy C-means algorithm for hotspots in spatiotemporal GIS. Exp Syst Appl 38(9):11829\u201311836. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.03.071","journal-title":"Exp Syst Appl"},{"issue":"12","key":"3971_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1007\/s0050001312117","volume":"18","author":"F Martino Di","year":"2014","unstructured":"Di Martino F, Sessa S, Barillari UES, Barillari MR (2014) Spatiotemporal hotspots and application on a disease analysis case via GIS. Soft Comput 18(12):2377\u20132384. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s0050001312117","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"key":"3971_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1007\/s0050001516264","volume":"20","author":"F Martino Di","year":"2016","unstructured":"Di Martino F, Sessa S, Mele R, Barillari UES, Barillari MR (2016) WebGIS based on spatiotemporal hotspots: an application to oto-laryngo-pharyngeal diseases. Soft Comput 20:2134\u20132147. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s0050001516264","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"key":"3971_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14385","DOI":"10.3390\/su71014385","volume":"7","author":"L Ding","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ding L, Chen K-L, Liu T, Cheng S-G, Wang X (2015) Spatial-temporal hotspot pattern analysis of provincial environmental pollution incidents and related regional sustainable management in China in the period 1995\u20132012. Sustainability 7:14385\u201314407. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su71014385","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"3971_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s1094000890475","volume":"24","author":"TH Grubesic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grubesic TH, MacK EA (2008) Spatiotemporal interaction of urban crime. J Quant Criminol 24(3):285\u2013306. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s1094000890475","journal-title":"J Quant Criminol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3971_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5120\/180398914","volume":"103","author":"R Kaur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaur R, Sehera SS (2014) Analyzing and displaying of crime hotspots using fuzzy mapping method. Int J Comput Appl 103(1):25\u201328. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5120\/180398914","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"issue":"6","key":"3971_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2002.805901","volume":"10","author":"U Kaymak","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kaymak U, Setnes M (2002) Fuzzy clustering with volume prototype and adaptive cluster merging. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 10(6):705\u2013712. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TFUZZ.2002.805901","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"3971_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.30","volume":"1","author":"HP Kriegel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kriegel HP, Kr\u00f6ger P, Sander J, Zimek A (2011) Density-based clustering, WIRE\u2019s. Data Min Knowl Discov 1(3):231\u2013240. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/widm.30","journal-title":"Data Min Knowl Discov"},{"key":"3971_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2018.08.047","volume":"321","author":"V Loia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Loia V, Parente D, Pedrycz W, Tomasiello S (2018) A granular functional network with delay: some dynamical properties and application to the sign prediction in social networks. Neurocomputing 321:61\u201371. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neucom.2018.08.047","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"3971_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2013.06.017","volume":"13","author":"W Pedrycz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pedrycz W, Homenda W (2013) Building the fundamentals of granular computing: a principle of justifiable granularity. Appl Soft Comput 13:4209\u20134218. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asoc.2013.06.017","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"issue":"6","key":"3971_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2015.2417896","volume":"23","author":"W Pedrycz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pedrycz W, Al-Hmouz R, Balamash AA, Morfeq A (2015) Hierarchical granular clustering: an emergence of information granules of higher type and higher order. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 23(6):2270\u20132283. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TFUZZ.2015.2417896","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"3971_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301769","volume":"104","author":"TJ Stopka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stopka TJ, Krawczyk C, Gradziel P, Geraghty EM (2014) Use of spatial epidemiology and hotspot analysis to target women eligible for prenatal women, infants, and children services. Ame J Public Health 104(1):183\u2013189. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301769","journal-title":"Ame J Public Health"},{"key":"3971_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1186\/s1287901724002","volume":"17","author":"TJ Stopka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stopka TJ, Goulart MA, Meyers DJ, Hutcheson M, Ton K, Onofrey S, Church D, Donahue A, Chui KKH (2017) Identifying and characterizing hepatitis C virus hotspots in Massachusetts: a spatial epidemiological approach. BMC Infect Dis 17:294\u2013305. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s1287901724002","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3971_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2210699","volume":"6","author":"KP Vadrevu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vadrevu KP, Csiszar I, Ellicott E, Giglio L, Badarinath KVS, Vermote E, Justice C (2013) Hotspot analysis of vegetation fires and intensity in the Indian region. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 6(1):224\u2013228. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2210699","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens"},{"key":"3971_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.01.010","volume":"483","author":"S Xia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xia S, Liu Y, Ding X, Wang G, Yu H, Luo Y (2019) Granular ball computing classifiers for efficient, scalable and robust learning. Inf Sci 483:136\u2013152. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ins.2019.01.010","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"3971_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.02.048","volume":"171","author":"X Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang X, Li T, Liu D, Fujita H (2019) Temporal-spatial composite sequential approach of three-way granular computing. Inf Sci 171:189. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ins.2019.02.048","journal-title":"Inf Sci"}],"container-title":["Soft Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00500-019-03971-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00500-019-03971-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00500-019-03971-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]],"date-time":"2020-04-03T23:20:39Z","timestamp":1585956039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00500-019-03971-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["3971"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00500-019-03971-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-7643","1433-7479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-7643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-7479","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 April 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}