{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T06:08:03Z","timestamp":1760854083072,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soft Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-04387-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]],"date-time":"2019-10-23T23:30:56Z","timestamp":1571873456000},"page":"7593-7602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Hyperparameter optimization in CNN for learning-centered emotion recognition for intelligent tutoring systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4524-3511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Zatarain Cabada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4999-3472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector","family":"Rodriguez Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3856-9361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Lucia","family":"Barron Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6823-4933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector Manuel","family":"Cardenas Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Abadi M, Agarwal A, Barham P, Brevdo E, Chen Z, Citro C, Corrado GS, Davis A, Dean J, Devin M, Ghemawat S, Goodfellow I, Harp A, Irving G, Isard M, Jia Y, Jozefowicz R, Kaiser L, Kudlur M, Levenberg J, Man\u00e9 D, Monga R, Moore S, Murray D, Olah C, Schuster M, Shlens J, Steiner B, Sutskever I, Talwar K, Tucker P, Vanhoucke V, Vasudevan V, Vi\u00e9gas F, Vinyals O, Warden P, Wattenberg M, Wicke M, Yu Y, Zheng X (2015) TensorFlow: large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous systems. Software available from tensorflow.org","key":"4387_CR1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arevalillo-Herraez M, Arnau D, Ferri FJ, Santos OC (2017) Gui-driven intelligent tutoring system with affective support to help learning the algebraic method. In: 2017 IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics (SMC), IEEE, pp 2867\u20132872","key":"4387_CR2","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2017.8123062"},{"key":"4387_CR3","first-page":"281","volume":"13","author":"J Bergstra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bergstra J, Bengio Y (2012) Random search for hyper-parameter optimization. J Mach Learn Res 13:281\u2013305","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"unstructured":"Bhakre SK, Bang A (2016) Emotion recognition on the basis of audio signal using Naive Bayes classifier. In: 2016 international conference on advances in computing, communications and informatics (ICACCI), IEEE, pp 2363\u20132367","key":"4387_CR4"},{"key":"4387_CR5","first-page":"122","volume":"120","author":"G Bradski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bradski G (2000) The OpenCV Library. Dr. Dobb\u2019s J Softw Tools 120:122\u2013125","journal-title":"Dr. Dobb\u2019s J Softw Tools"},{"unstructured":"Burkert P, Trier F, Afzal MZ, Dengel A, Liwicki M (2015) DeXpression: deep convolutional neural network for expression recognition","key":"4387_CR6"},{"issue":"1","key":"4387_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2010.1","volume":"1","author":"RA Calvo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Calvo RA, D\u2019Mello S (2010) Affect detection: an interdisciplinary review of models, methods, and their applications. IEEE Trans Affect Comput 1(1):18\u201337","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Affect Comput"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakraborty R, Kopparapu SK (2016) Validating \u201cIs ECC-ANN combination equivalent to DNN?\u201d for speech emotion recognition. In: 2016 IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics (SMC), IEEE, pp 004311\u2013004316","key":"4387_CR8","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2016.7844909"},{"key":"4387_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2017.06.004","volume":"59","author":"W Deng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deng W, Zhao H, Yang X, Xiong J, Sun M, Li B (2017a) Study on an improved adaptive PSO algorithm for solving multi-objective gate assignment. Appl Soft Comput 59:288\u2013302","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"issue":"15","key":"4387_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-016-2071-8","volume":"21","author":"W Deng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deng W, Zhao H, Zou L, Li G, Yang X, Wu D (2017b) A novel collaborative optimization algorithm in solving complex optimization problems. Soft Comput 21(15):4387\u20134398","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"key":"4387_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35042","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2834540","volume":"6","author":"W Deng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deng W, Zhang S, Zhao H, Yang X (2018) A novel fault diagnosis method based on integrating empirical wavelet transform and fuzzy entropy for motor bearing. IEEE Access 6:35042\u201335056","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"4387_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20281","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2897580","volume":"7","author":"W Deng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deng W, Xu J, Zhao H (2019) An improved ant colony optimization algorithm based on hybrid strategies for scheduling problem. IEEE Access 7:20281\u201320292","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding H, Zhou SK, Chellappa R (2016) FaceNet2ExpNet: regularizing a deep face recognition net for expression recognition","key":"4387_CR13","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2017.23"},{"issue":"4","key":"4387_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"IM47","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2018-0541.1","volume":"84","author":"HN Dinh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dinh HN, Van der Baan M (2019) A grid-search approach for 4D pressure-saturation discrimination. Geophysics 84(4):IM47\u2013IM62","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"4387_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939208411068","volume":"6","author":"P Ekman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ekman P (1992) An argument for basic emotions. Cognit Emot 6(3\u20134):169\u2013200","journal-title":"Cognit Emot"},{"issue":"1","key":"4387_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11648\/j.engmath.20180201.11","volume":"2","author":"A Fahmi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fahmi A (2018) Expected values of aggregation operators on cubic triangular fuzzy number and its application to multi-criteria decision making problems. Eng Math 2(1):1","journal-title":"Eng Math"},{"unstructured":"Fahmi A, Abdullah S, Amin F, Ali A (2018) Weighted average rating (War) method for solving group decision making problem using triangular cubic fuzzy hybrid aggregation (Tcfha) operator. Technical report\u00a01, Punjab University","key":"4387_CR17"},{"issue":"01","key":"4387_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793005719500091","volume":"15","author":"A Fahmi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fahmi A, Amin F (2019) Precursor selection for sol\u2013gel synthesis of titanium carbide nanopowders by a new hesitant CUBIC fuzzy multi-attribute group decision-making model. New Math Nat Comput 15(01):145\u2013167","journal-title":"New Math Nat Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"4387_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-007-0002-4","volume":"1","author":"D Floreano","year":"2008","unstructured":"Floreano D, D\u00fcrr P, Mattiussi C (2008) Neuroevolution: from architectures to learning. Evol Intell 1(1):47\u201362","journal-title":"Evol Intell"},{"issue":"2","key":"4387_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"MA Ghali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghali MA, Ayyad AA, Abu-Naser SS, Laban MA (2018) An intelligent tutoring system for teaching english grammar. Int J Acad Eng Res 2(2):1\u20136","journal-title":"Int J Acad Eng Res"},{"unstructured":"Ghayoumi M, Bansal AK (2016) Unifying geometric features and facial action units for improved performance of facial expression analysis","key":"4387_CR21"},{"issue":"5","key":"4387_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.3233\/JIFS-169514","volume":"34","author":"F Gonz\u00e1lez-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Hern\u00e1ndez F, Zatarain-Cabada R, Barr\u00f3n-Estrada ML, Rodr\u00edguez-Rangel H (2018) Recognition of learning-centered emotions using a convolutional neural network. J Intell Fuzzy Syst 34(5):3325\u20133336","journal-title":"J Intell Fuzzy Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"4387_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-018-0110-y","volume":"5","author":"AC Graesser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Graesser AC, Hu X, Nye BD, VanLehn K, Kumar R, Heffernan C, Heffernan N, Woolf B, Olney AM, Rus V, Andrasik F, Pavlik P, Cai Z, Wetzel J, Morgan B, Hampton AJ, Lippert AM, Wang L, Cheng Q, Vinson JE, Kelly CN, McGlown C, Majmudar CA, Morshed B, Baer W (2018) ElectronixTutor: an intelligent tutoring system with multiple learning resources for electronics. Int J STEM Educ 5(1):15","journal-title":"Int J STEM Educ"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffith H, Griffith A (2017) Integration of an Intelligent Tutoring Software within an accelerated Engineering mathematics course. In: 2017 IEEE integrated STEM education conference (ISEC), IEEE, pp 131\u2013134","key":"4387_CR24","DOI":"10.1109\/ISECon.2017.7910228"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar GAR, Kumar RK, Sanyal G (2017) Facial emotion analysis using deep convolution neural network. In: 2017 international conference on signal processing and communication (ICSPC), IEEE, pp 369\u2013374","key":"4387_CR25","DOI":"10.1109\/CSPC.2017.8305872"},{"issue":"2","key":"4387_CR26","first-page":"132","volume":"19","author":"Hao-Chiang Koong Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin Hao-Chiang Koong, Su SH, Chao CJ, Hsieh CY, Tsai SC (2016) Construction of multi-mode affective learning system: taking affective design as an example. Educ Technol Soc 19(2):132\u2013147","journal-title":"Educ Technol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"4387_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2010.11.004","volume":"36","author":"L Linnenbrink-Garcia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Linnenbrink-Garcia L, Pekrun R (2011) Students\u2019 emotions and academic engagement: introduction to the special issue. Contemp Educ Psychol 36(1):1\u20133","journal-title":"Contemp Educ Psychol"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCartin-Lim M, Woolf B, McGregor A (2018) Connect the dots to prove it. In: Proceedings of the 49th ACM technical symposium on computer science education- SIGCSE \u201918. ACM Press, New York, USA, pp 533\u2013538","key":"4387_CR28","DOI":"10.1145\/3159450.3159609"},{"unstructured":"Miikkulainen R, Liang J, Meyerson E, Rawal A, Fink D, Francon O, Raju B, Shahrzad H, Navruzyan A, Duffy N, Hodjat B (2017) Evolving deep neural networks. Technical report, Thee University of Texas at Austin","key":"4387_CR29"},{"unstructured":"Montana DJ, Davis L (1989) Training feedforward neural networks using genetic algorithms","key":"4387_CR30"},{"issue":"7","key":"4387_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2015.0519","volume":"10","author":"J Parkkinen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Parkkinen J, Jaward MH, Parthiban R, Kamarol SKA (2016) Spatiotemporal feature extraction for facial expression recognition. IET Image Process 10(7):534\u2013541","journal-title":"IET Image Process"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piho L, Tjahjadi T (2018) A mutual information based adaptive windowing of informative EEG for emotion recognition. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing pp 1\u20131","key":"4387_CR32","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2018.2840973"},{"key":"4387_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.05.005","volume":"168","author":"X Pu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pu X, Fan K, Chen X, Ji L, Zhou Z (2015) Facial expression recognition from image sequences using twofold random forest classifier. Neurocomputing 168:1173\u20131180","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salmam FZ, Madani A, Kissi M (2016) Facial expression recognition using decision trees. In: 2016 13th international conference on computer graphics, imaging and visualization (CGiV), IEEE, pp 125\u2013130","key":"4387_CR34","DOI":"10.1109\/CGiV.2016.33"},{"issue":"6","key":"4387_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2008.08.005","volume":"27","author":"C Shan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shan C, Gong S, McOwan PW (2009) Facial expression recognition based on local binary patterns: a comprehensive study. Image Vis Comput 27(6):803\u2013816","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"unstructured":"Snoek J, Larochelle H, Adams RP (2012) Practical bayesian optimization of machine learning algorithms. In: Pereira F, Burges CJC, Bottou L, Weinberger KQ (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems. Curran Associates, Inc., pp 2951\u20132959. \nhttp:\/\/papers.nips.cc\/paper\/4522-practical-bayesian-optimization-of-machine-learning-algorithms.pdf","key":"4387_CR36"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suebnukarn S, Haddawy P (2004) A collaborative intelligent tutoring system for medical problem-based learning. In: Proceedings of the 9th international conference on intelligent user interface-IUI \u201904. ACM Press, New York, USA, p 14","key":"4387_CR37","DOI":"10.1145\/964442.964447"},{"issue":"2","key":"4387_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-016-9470-5","volume":"65","author":"N Thompson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thompson N, McGill TJ (2017) Genetics with jean: the design, development and evaluation of an affective tutoring system. Educ Technol Res Dev 65(2):279\u2013299","journal-title":"Educ Technol Res Dev"},{"issue":"8","key":"4387_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2017.2688340","volume":"25","author":"F Tu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tu F, Yin S, Ouyang P, Tang S, Liu L, Wei S (2017) Deep convolutional neural network architecture with reconfigurable computation patterns. IEEE Trans Very Large Scale Integr (VLSI) Syst 25(8):2220\u20132233","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Very Large Scale Integr (VLSI) Syst"},{"issue":"8","key":"4387_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633117699955","volume":"55","author":"C-H Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang C-H, Lin H-CK (2018) Constructing an affective tutoring system for designing course learning and evaluation. J Educ Comput Res 55(8):1111\u20131128","journal-title":"J Educ Comput Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4387_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0091-7","volume":"27","author":"JB Wiggins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wiggins JB, Grafsgaard JF, Boyer KE, Wiebe EN, Lester JC (2017) Do you think you can? the influence of student self-efficacy on the effectiveness of tutorial dialogue for computer science. Int J Artif Intell Educ 27(1):130\u2013153","journal-title":"Int J Artif Intell Educ"},{"unstructured":"Wixon M, Arroyo I, Muldner K, Burleson W, Lozano C, Rai D, Woolf B (2014) The opportunities and limitations of scaling up sensor-free affect detection. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on educational data mining. EDM, London, UK, pp 145\u2013152","key":"4387_CR42"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu X, Quan C, Ren F (2015) Facial expression recognition based on Gabor Wavelet transform and histogram of oriented gradients. In: 2015 IEEE international conference on mechatronics and automation (ICMA), IEEE, pp 2117\u20132122","key":"4387_CR43","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMA.2015.7237813"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu Z, Zhang C (2015) Image based static facial expression recognition with multiple deep network learning. In: Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on international conference on multimodal interaction-ICMI \u201915, ACM Press, New York, USA, pp 435\u2013442","key":"4387_CR44","DOI":"10.1145\/2818346.2830595"},{"issue":"8","key":"4387_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4669","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-015-2497-5","volume":"75","author":"L Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang L, Tjondronegoro D, Chandran V, Eggink J (2016) Towards robust automatic affective classification of images using facial expressions for practical applications. Multimed Tools Appl 75(8):4669\u20134695","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"4387_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.52","volume":"31","author":"Zhihong Zeng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zeng Zhihong, Pantic M, Roisman G, Huang T (2009) A survey of affect recognition methods: audio, visual, and spontaneous expressions. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 31(1):39\u201358","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"}],"container-title":["Soft Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00500-019-04387-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00500-019-04387-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00500-019-04387-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T23:25:00Z","timestamp":1603322700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00500-019-04387-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["4387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00500-019-04387-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-7643","1433-7479"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1432-7643"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1433-7479"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 October 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights"}}]}}