{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:25:50Z","timestamp":1772119550443,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soft Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-020-05281-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T13:03:14Z","timestamp":1598619794000},"page":"2103-2114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Equilibrium analysis of marketing strategies in supply chain with marketing efforts induced demand considering free riding"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Hua","family":"Ke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5790-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"5281_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.12165","volume":"23","author":"A Balakrishnan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Balakrishnan A, Sundaresan S, Zhang B (2014) Browse-and-switch: retail-online competition under value uncertainty. Prod Oper Manag 23(7):1129\u20131145","journal-title":"Prod Oper Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"5281_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6451.00157","volume":"49","author":"DW Carlton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carlton DW, Chevalier JA (2001) Free riding and sales strategies for the internet. J Ind Econ 49(4):441\u2013461","journal-title":"J Ind Econ"},{"issue":"2","key":"5281_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.2015.6","volume":"67","author":"X Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen X, Wang X, Jiang X (2016) The impact of power structure on the retail service supply chain with an O2O mixed channel. J Oper Res Soc 67(2):294\u2013301","journal-title":"J Oper Res Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"5281_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2010.07.002","volume":"10","author":"HC Chiu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chiu HC, Hsieh YC, Roan J, Tseng KJ, Hsieh JK (2011) The challenge for multichannel services: cross-channel free-riding behavior. Electron Commer Res Appl 10(2):268\u2013277","journal-title":"Electron Commer Res Appl"},{"issue":"06","key":"5281_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450050","DOI":"10.1142\/S021759591450050X","volume":"31","author":"B Dan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dan B, Liu C, Xu G, Zhang X (2014) Pareto improvement strategy for service-based free-riding in a dual-channel supply chain. Asia-Pac J Oper Res 31(06):1450050","journal-title":"Asia-Pac J Oper Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"5281_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-018-3219-5","volume":"22","author":"E Dogu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dogu E, Albayrak YE (2018) Criteria evaluation for pricing decisions in strategic marketing management using an intuitionistic cognitive map approach. Soft Comput 22(15):4989\u20135005","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"issue":"05","key":"5281_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217595909002353","volume":"26","author":"M Esmaeili","year":"2009","unstructured":"Esmaeili M, Abad PL, Aryanezhad MB (2009) Seller-buyer relationship when end demand is sensitive to price and promotion. Asia-Pac J Oper Res 26(05):605\u2013621","journal-title":"Asia-Pac J Oper Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5281_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2006.02.047","volume":"180","author":"H Gurnani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gurnani H, Erkoc M, Luo Y (2007) Impact of product pricing and timing of investment decisions on supply chain co-opetition. Eur J Oper Res 180(1):228\u2013248","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"5281_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2013.11.005","volume":"38","author":"B Giri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giri B, Sharma S (2014) Manufacturer\u2019s pricing strategy in a two-level supply chain with competing retailers and advertising cost dependent demand. Econ Model 38:102\u2013111","journal-title":"Econ Model"},{"issue":"5","key":"5281_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.20152","volume":"53","author":"H Gurnani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gurnani H, Xu Y (2006) Resale price maintenance contracts with retailer sales effort: effect of flexibility and competition. Nav Res Logist 53(5):448\u2013463","journal-title":"Nav Res Logist"},{"key":"5281_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.02.142","volume":"134","author":"R He","year":"2016","unstructured":"He R, Xiong Y, Lin Z (2016) Carbon emissions in a dual channel closed loop supply chain: the impact of consumer free riding behavior. J Clean Prod 134:384\u2013394","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"6","key":"5281_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2013.07.006","volume":"20","author":"S Heitz-Spahn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heitz-Spahn S (2013) Cross-channel free-riding consumer behavior in a multichannel environment: an investigation of shopping motives, sociodemographics and product categories. J Retail Consum Serv 20(6):570\u2013578","journal-title":"J Retail Consum Serv"},{"issue":"3","key":"5281_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-014-0991-7","volume":"28","author":"H Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang H, Ke H (2017) Pricing decision problem for substitutable products based on uncertainty theory. J Intell Manuf 28(3):503\u2013514","journal-title":"J Intell Manuf"},{"key":"5281_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2016.04.022","volume":"178","author":"H Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang H, Ke H, Wang L (2016) Equilibrium analysis of pricing competition and cooperation in supply chain with one common manufacturer and duopoly retailers. Int J Prod Econ 178:12\u201321","journal-title":"Int J Prod Econ"},{"key":"5281_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2018.02.034","volume":"118","author":"Z Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang Z, Nie J, Zhang J (2018) Dynamic cooperative promotion models with competing retailers and negative promotional effects on brand image. Comput Ind Eng 118:291\u2013308","journal-title":"Comput Ind Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"5281_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.14.4.360","volume":"14","author":"CA Ingene","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ingene CA, Parry ME (1995a) Channel coordination when retailers compete. Mark Sci 14(4):360\u2013377","journal-title":"Mark Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5281_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4359(95)90004-7","volume":"71","author":"CA Ingene","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ingene CA, Parry ME (1995b) Coordination and manufacturer profit maximization: the multiple retailer channel. J Retail 71(2):129\u2013151","journal-title":"J Retail"},{"issue":"01","key":"5281_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1850003","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217595918500033","volume":"35","author":"H Ke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ke H, Wu Y, Huang H (2018a) Competitive pricing and remanufacturing problem in an uncertain closed-loop supply chain with risk-sensitive retailers. Asia-Pac J Oper Res 35(01):1850003","journal-title":"Asia-Pac J Oper Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"5281_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1080\/01605682.2017.1404184","volume":"69","author":"H Ke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ke H, Wu Y, Huang H, Chen Z (2018b) Optimal pricing decisions for a closed-loop supply chain with retail competition under fuzziness. J Oper Res Soc 69(9):1468\u20131482","journal-title":"J Oper Res Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"5281_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1090.0486","volume":"29","author":"D Kuksov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuksov D, Lin Y (2010) Information provision in a vertically differentiated competitive marketplace. Mark Sci 29(1):122\u2013138","journal-title":"Mark Sci"},{"key":"5281_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2017.03.002","volume":"47","author":"Y Lei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lei Y, Tang R, Chen K (2017) Call, put and bidirectional option contracts in agricultural supply chains with sales effort. Appl Math Model 47:1\u201316","journal-title":"Appl Math Model"},{"issue":"1","key":"5281_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.13092","volume":"38","author":"H Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li H, Wang C, Shang M, Ou W, Qin X (2019) Cooperative decision in a closed-loop supply chain considering carbon emission reduction and low-carbon promotion. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 38(1):143\u2013153","journal-title":"Environ Prog Sustain Energy"},{"key":"5281_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2018.07.042","volume":"64","author":"W Lou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lou W, Ma J (2018) Complexity of sales effort and carbon emission reduction effort in a two-parallel household appliance supply chain model. Appl Math Model 64:398\u2013425","journal-title":"Appl Math Model"},{"issue":"2","key":"5281_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2013.04.020","volume":"144","author":"P Ma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ma P, Wang H, Shang J (2013) Supply chain channel strategies with quality and marketing effort-dependent demand. Int J Prod Econ 144(2):572\u2013581","journal-title":"Int J Prod Econ"},{"key":"5281_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2016.11.002","volume":"22","author":"X Pu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pu X, Gong L, Han X (2017) Consumer free riding: coordinating sales effort in a dual-channel supply chain. Electron Commer Res Appl 22:1\u201312","journal-title":"Electron Commer Res Appl"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"5281_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pursup.2003.09.004","volume":"9","author":"AI Rokkan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rokkan AI, Buvik A (2003) Inter-firm cooperation and the problem of free riding behavior: an empirical study of voluntary retail chains. J Purch Supply Manag 9(5\u20136):247\u2013256","journal-title":"J Purch Supply Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"5281_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1060.0252","volume":"26","author":"J Shin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shin J (2007) How does free riding on customer service affect competition? Mark Sci 26(4):488\u2013503","journal-title":"Mark Sci"},{"key":"5281_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2018.04.039","volume":"121","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang Y, Tang W, Zhao R (2018) Information sharing and information concealment in the presence of a dominant retailer. Comput Ind Eng 121:36\u201350","journal-title":"Comput Ind Eng"},{"issue":"10","key":"5281_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-018-3008-1","volume":"23","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Tang W, Zhao R (2019) Supplier\u2019s strategy: align with the dominant entrant retailer or the vulnerable incumbent retailer? Soft Comput 23(10):3481\u20133500","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"5281_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1040.0047","volume":"23","author":"D Wu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wu D, Ray G, Geng X, Whinston A (2004) Implications of reduced search cost and free riding in e-commerce. Mark Sci 23(2):255\u2013262","journal-title":"Mark Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5281_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2011.11.029","volume":"219","author":"D Xing","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xing D, Liu T (2012) Sales effort free riding and coordination with price match and channel rebate. Eur J Oper Res 219(2):264\u2013271","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5281_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-03777-y","volume":"24","author":"S Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang S, Ding P, Wang G, Wu X (2019) Green investment in a supply chain based on price and quality competition. Soft Comput 24(4):2589\u20132608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00500-019-03777-y","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"issue":"12","key":"5281_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.2014.127","volume":"66","author":"S Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang S, Munson CL, Chen B, Shi C (2015) Coordinating contracts for supply chains that market with mail-in rebates and retailer promotions. J Oper Res Soc 66(12):2025\u20132036","journal-title":"J Oper Res Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"5281_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2010.12.024","volume":"135","author":"J Zhao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhao J, Tang W, Wei J (2012) Pricing decision for substitutable products with retail competition in a fuzzy environment. Int J Prod Econ 135(1):144\u2013153","journal-title":"Int J Prod Econ"},{"key":"5281_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2017.11.014","volume":"196","author":"YW Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou YW, Guo J, Zhou W (2018) Pricing\/service strategies for a dual-channel supply chain with free riding and service-cost sharing. Int J Prod Econ 196:198\u2013210","journal-title":"Int J Prod Econ"}],"container-title":["Soft Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00500-020-05281-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00500-020-05281-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00500-020-05281-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T23:58:36Z","timestamp":1630108716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00500-020-05281-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["5281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00500-020-05281-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-7643","1433-7479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-7643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-7479","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 August 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}