{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:53:57Z","timestamp":1776275637209,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]],"date-time":"2021-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]],"date-time":"2021-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soft Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-021-06060-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]],"date-time":"2021-07-25T05:02:40Z","timestamp":1627189360000},"page":"11589-11601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Improved recognition results of offline handwritten Gurumukhi characters using hybrid features and adaptive boosting"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0115-1620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. K.","family":"Jindal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. K.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simpel Rani","family":"Jindal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harjeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"6060_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahranjany SS, Razzazi F, Ghassemian MH (2010) A very high accuracy handwritten character recognition system for Farsi\/Arabic digits using convolutional neural networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 5th international conference on bio-inspired computing: theories and applications (BIC-TA), pp. 1585\u20131592","DOI":"10.1109\/BICTA.2010.5645265"},{"key":"6060_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alaei A, Nagabhushan P, Pal U (2010) A new two-stage scheme for the recognition of Persian handwritten characters. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition (ICFHR), pp. 130\u2013135","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR.2010.27"},{"key":"6060_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antony PJ, Savitha CK and Ujwal UJ (2016) Haar features based handwritten character recognition system for tulu script. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International conference on recent trends in electronics information communication technology, pp. 65\u201368","DOI":"10.1109\/RTEICT.2016.7807784"},{"key":"6060_CR4","unstructured":"Ardeshana M, Sharma AK, Adhyaru DM, Zaveri TH (2016) Handwritten Gujarati character recognition based on discrete cosine transform. In: Proceedings of the IRF-IEEE forum international conference, pp. 23\u201326"},{"key":"6060_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-013-0487-5","volume":"8","author":"VS Bhadouria","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhadouria VS, Ghoshal D, Siddiqi AH (2014) A new approach for high density saturated impulse noise removal using decision-based coupled window median filter. SIViP 8:71\u201384","journal-title":"SIViP"},{"issue":"1","key":"6060_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman L (2001) Random forests. Mach Learn 45(1):5\u201332","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"6060_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-018-9278-z","author":"S Dargan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dargan S, Kumar M (2018) Writer identification system for indic and non-indic scripts: state-of-the-art survey. Arch Comput Methods Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11831-018-9278-z","journal-title":"Arch Comput Methods Eng"},{"issue":"11","key":"6060_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17148\/IJARCCE.2018.71101","volume":"7","author":"MK Elbashir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elbashir MK, Mustafa ME (2018) Convolutional neural network model for arabic handwritten characters recognition. Int J Adv Res Comput Commun Eng 7(11):1\u20135","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res Comput Commun Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"6060_CR9","first-page":"771","volume":"14","author":"Y Freund","year":"1999","unstructured":"Freund Y, Schapire RE (1999) A short introduction to boosting. J Jpn Soc Artif Intell 14(5):771\u2013780","journal-title":"J Jpn Soc Artif Intell"},{"key":"6060_CR10","unstructured":"Garg N (2009) Handwritten Gurumukhi Character recognition using neural networks, M.E. thesis, Thapar University, Patiala, India"},{"key":"6060_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gohell CC, Goswam MM, Prajapate YK (2015) On-line handwritten Gujarati character recognition using low level stroke. In: Proceedings of the third international conference on image information processing, pp. 130\u2013134","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIIP.2015.7414753"},{"key":"6060_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-04297-5","author":"S Gupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta S, Kumar M (2019) Forensic document examination system using boosting and bagging methodologies. Soft Comput. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00500-019-04297-5","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"key":"6060_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9132758","author":"M Husnain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Husnain M, Missen MMS, Mumtaz S, Jhandir MZ, Coustaty M, Luqman MM, Ogier JM, Choi GS (2019) Recognition of Urdu handwritten characters using convolutional neural network. Appl Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app9132758","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"6060_CR14","first-page":"115","volume":"8","author":"JS Joseph","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joseph JS, LakshmiKiranParthiban CUP (2019) An efficient offline handwritten character recognition using CNN and Xgboost. Int J Innov Technol Explor Eng 8(6):115\u2013118","journal-title":"Int J Innov Technol Explor Eng"},{"key":"6060_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-10297-7","volume":"80","author":"H Kaur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaur H, Kumar M (2021) On the recognition of offline handwritten word using holistic approach and AdaBoost methodology. Multimed Tools Appl 80:11155\u201311175","journal-title":"Multimed Tools Appl"},{"key":"6060_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2019.06.004","author":"BR Kavitha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kavitha BR, Srimathi C (2019) Benchmarking on offline handwritten Tamil character recognition using convolutional neural networks. J King Saud Univ-Comput Inf Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jksuci.2019.06.004","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ-Comput Inf Sci"},{"issue":"19","key":"6060_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2017\/v10i19\/113836","volume":"10","author":"K Koundal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koundal K, Kumar M, Garg NK (2017) Punjabi optical character recognition: a survey. Indian J Sci Technol 10(19):1\u20138","journal-title":"Indian J Sci Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6060_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-2063.126961","volume":"59","author":"M Kumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kumar M, Sharma RK, Jindal MK (2013a) A novel feature extraction technique for offline handwritten Gurumukhi character recognition. IETE J Res 59(6):687\u2013692","journal-title":"IETE J Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"6060_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.6029\/smartcr.2013.06.001","volume":"3","author":"M Kumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kumar M, Jindal MK, Sharma RK (2013b) MDP Feature extraction technique for offline handwritten Gurumukhi character recognition. Smart Comput Rev 3(6):397\u2013404","journal-title":"Smart Comput Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"6060_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s40009-014-0280-1","volume":"37","author":"M Kumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kumar M, Sharma RK, Jindal MK (2014) A novel hierarchical technique for offline handwritten Gurumukhi character recognition. Natl Acad Sci Lett 37(6):567\u2013572","journal-title":"Natl Acad Sci Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"6060_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s40010-016-0284-y","volume":"87","author":"M Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar M, Jindal MK, Sharma RK (2016) Offline handwritten Gurumukhi character recognition: analytical study of different transformations. Proc Natl Acad Sci, India, Sect A 87(1):137\u2013143","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci, India, Sect A"},{"key":"6060_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-017-9607-x","author":"M Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar M, Jindal MK, Sharma RK, Jindal SR (2018a) Character and numeral recognition for non-Indic and Indic scripts: a survey. Artif Intell Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10462-017-9607-x","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"key":"6060_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11063-018-9913-6","author":"M Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar M, Jindal SR, Jindal MK, Lehal GS (2018b) Improved recognition results of medieval handwritten Gurumukhi manuscripts using boosting and bagging methodologies. Neural Process Lett. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11063-018-9913-6","journal-title":"Neural Process Lett"},{"key":"6060_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-019-09727-2","author":"M Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumar M, Jindal MK, Sharma RK, Jindal SR (2019) Performance evaluation of classifiers for the recognition of offline handwritten Gurumukhi characters and numerals: a study. Artif Intell Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10462-019-09727-2","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"key":"6060_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar M, Jindal MK, Sharma RK (2011) k-Nearest neighbor based offline handwritten Gurumukhi character recognition. In: Proceedings of the international conference on image information processing, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat (Shimla), pp. 1\u20134","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIIP.2011.6108863"},{"key":"6060_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar M, Jindal MK, Sharma RK (2012) Offline handwritten Gurumukhi character recognition: study of different features and classifiers combinations. In: Proceedings of the workshop on document analysis and recognition, IIT Bombay, pp. 94\u201399","DOI":"10.1145\/2432553.2432571"},{"key":"6060_CR27","unstructured":"Kumar M (2015) Offline handwritten Gurumukhi script recognition, Ph. D. thesis, Thapar University, Patiala, India"},{"issue":"11","key":"6060_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791","volume":"86","author":"Y LeCun","year":"1998","unstructured":"LeCun Y, Bottou L, Bengio Y, Haffner P (1998) Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proc IEEE 86(11):2278\u20132324","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"issue":"2","key":"6060_CR29","first-page":"2","volume":"12","author":"GS Lehal","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lehal GS, Singh C (1999) Feature extraction and classification for OCR of Gurumukhi script. Vivek 12(2):2\u201312","journal-title":"Vivek"},{"key":"6060_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masita KL, Hasan AN and Shongwe T (2020) Deep learning in object detection: a review. In: Proceedings of international conference on artificial intelligence, big data, computing and data communication systems, pp. 1\u201311","DOI":"10.1109\/icABCD49160.2020.9183866"},{"issue":"2019","key":"6060_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2018.12.017","volume":"88","author":"R Ptucha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ptucha R, Such FP, Pillai S, Brockler F, Singh V, Hutowski P (2019) Intelligent character recognition using fully convolutional neural networks. Pattern Recogn 88(2019):604\u2013613","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"1","key":"6060_CR32","first-page":"81","volume":"17","author":"R Rampalli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rampalli R, Ramakrishnan AG (2011) Fusion of complementary online and offline strategies for recognition of handwritten Kannada characters. J Univ Comput Sci (JUCS) 17(1):81\u201393","journal-title":"J Univ Comput Sci (JUCS)"},{"key":"6060_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saabni R (2015) Ada-boosting extreme learning machines for handwritten digit and digit strings recognition. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on digital information processing and communications.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDIPC.2015.7323034"},{"key":"6060_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s100320050031","volume":"2","author":"L Schomaker","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schomaker L, Segers E (1999) Finding features used in the human reading of cursive handwriting. IJDAR 2:13\u201318","journal-title":"IJDAR"},{"key":"6060_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwenk H, Bengio Y (1997) AdaBoosting neural networks: application to on-line character recognition. In: Proceedings of the international conference on artificial neural network, pp. 967\u2013972","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0020278"},{"issue":"9S2","key":"6060_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.35940\/ijitee.I1163.0789S219","volume":"8","author":"A Sethy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sethy A, Patra PK (2019) Off-line Odia handwritten character recognition: an axis constellation model based research. Int J Innov Technol Explor Eng 8(9S2):788\u2013793","journal-title":"Int J Innov Technol Explor Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"6060_CR37","first-page":"227","volume":"8","author":"AA Shahin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shahin AA (2017) Printed Arabic text recognition using linear and non-linear regression. Int J Adv Comput Syst Appl 8(1):227\u2013235","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Syst Appl"},{"issue":"8","key":"6060_CR38","first-page":"10","volume":"10","author":"DV Sharma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sharma DV, Jain U (2010) Recognition of isolated handwritten characters of Gurumukhi script using neocognitron. Int J Comput Appl 10(8):10\u201316","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"issue":"6","key":"6060_CR39","first-page":"2332","volume":"3","author":"KS Siddharth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Siddharth KS, Jangid M, Dhir R, Rani R (2011) Handwritten Gurumukhi character recognition using statistical and background directional distribution features. Int J Comput Sci Eng 3(6):2332\u20132345","journal-title":"Int J Comput Sci Eng"},{"key":"6060_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5815\/ijmecs.2012.08.05","volume":"8","author":"P Singh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singh P, Budhiraja S (2012) Offline handwritten Gurumukhi numeral recognition using wavelet transforms. Int J Mod Educ Comput Sci 8:34\u201339","journal-title":"Int J Mod Educ Comput Sci"},{"key":"6060_CR41","first-page":"94","volume":"17","author":"N Venkatesh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Venkatesh N, Ramakrishnan AG (2011) Choice of classifiers in hierarchical recognition of online handwritten Kannada and Tamil aksharas. J Univ Comput Sci (JUCS) 17:94\u2013106","journal-title":"J Univ Comput Sci (JUCS)"},{"key":"6060_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2021.106993","author":"H Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang H, Zhu C, Shen J, Zhang Z, Shi X (2021) Salient object detection by robust foreground and background seed selection. Comput Electr Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2021.106993","journal-title":"Comput Electr Eng"},{"key":"6060_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"105","author":"J Yuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yuan J, Xiong H-C, Xiao Y, Guan W, Wang M, Hong R, Li Z-Y (2019) Gated CNN: integrating multi-scale feature layers for object detection. Pattern Recogn 105:1\u201328","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"3","key":"6060_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1145\/357994.358023","volume":"27","author":"TY Zhang","year":"1984","unstructured":"Zhang TY, Suen CY (1984) A fast parallel algorithm for thinning digital patterns. Commun ACM 27(3):236\u2013239","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"issue":"2","key":"6060_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10032-009-0111-y","volume":"13","author":"B Zhu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhu B, Zhou XD, Liu CL, Nakagawa M (2010) A robust model for on-line handwritten Japanese text recognition. Int J Doc Anal Recognit (IJDAR) 13(2):121\u2013131","journal-title":"Int J Doc Anal Recognit (IJDAR)"}],"container-title":["Soft Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00500-021-06060-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00500-021-06060-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00500-021-06060-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T14:49:06Z","timestamp":1628520546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00500-021-06060-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["6060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00500-021-06060-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-7643","1433-7479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-7643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-7479","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 July 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Authors have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}