{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T03:17:09Z","timestamp":1740107829958,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004512","name":"Cape Peninsula University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004512","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soft Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Future communication networks use computing platforms i.e., data centers for enabling content access. The operation of data centers is evolving to meet new requirements such as reducing the operating cost. The use of data centers is recognized to have significant challenges due to high operating costs. The high operating costs arises due to the necessity of data center cooling. The cooling costs can be reduced by siting data centers in the underwater environment. In the underwater environment, data centers are cooled by freely available cold water. However, siting data centers in the underwater environment exposes them to risk from other underwater applications. The use of underwater data centers is susceptible to service loss due to the launch of missiles from submarines in defense applications. Underwater data centers are susceptible to service loss from the launch of missiles from submarines. Hence, it is necessary to design a network architecture that ensures continued service delivery when nuclear attacks occur. The presented research proposes a novel network architecture enabling service continuity in the underwater data center. The proposed architecture incorporates resiliency and comprises terrestrial and non\u2013terrestrial data centers. The proposed network architecture incorporates redundancy and utilizes terrestrial and non-terrestrial data centers. In addition, the research presents a protocol enabling co-existence between underwater data centers and missile launching submarines used in defence applications. The research formulates and evaluates the operational duration, number of packets forwarding paths, and computing resource utilization as the metrics. Performance evaluation shows that the proposed network architecture improves the operational duration and computing resource utilization by an average of (27.7\u201371.5)% and (23.5\u201344.2)%, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed network architecture enables the realization of more resilient paths. The use of more resilient paths enhances packet transmission. Evaluation shows that the proposed network architecture enhances the number of resilient packets forwarding paths by (18.2\u201357.4)% on average.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-023-09578-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T11:02:44Z","timestamp":1706007764000},"page":"7363-7393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nuclear resilient and redundant compute and communication integrated network"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1506-5347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. A.","family":"Periola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"9578_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-023-00432-7","volume":"44","author":"K Abbasi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abbasi K et al (2023) Reducing the risks of nuclear war: the role of health professionals. J Public Health Policy 44(3):344\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41271-023-00432-7","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"key":"9578_CR2","volume-title":"Chpater 25 in the social shaping of technology","author":"J Abbate","year":"1999","unstructured":"Abbate J (1999) Cold War and White Heat: the origins and meanings of packet switching. In: MacKenzie D, Wajcman J (eds) Chpater 25 in the social shaping of technology, 2nd edn. Open University Press, Buckingham","edition":"2"},{"key":"9578_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alqahtani J, Hamdaoui B (2018) Rethinking fat-tree topology design for cloud data centers. In: 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2018, pp 1\u20136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647774","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647774"},{"key":"9578_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arbatov A (2020) Nuclear deterrence: a guarantee for or threat to strategic stability? In: NL ARMS, pp 65\u201386, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-6265-419-8_5.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6265-419-8_5"},{"issue":"3","key":"9578_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/24701475.2017.1345469","volume":"1","author":"M Bay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bay M (2017) Conversations with a pioneer: Paul Baran in his own words. Internet Hist 1(3):273\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/24701475.2017.1345469","journal-title":"Internet Hist"},{"key":"9578_CR6","unstructured":"Clark B (2023) The emerging era in undersea warfare. Centre for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, [Online] https:\/\/csbaonline.org\/uploads\/documents\/CSBA6292_(Undersea_Warfare_Reprint)_web.pdf"},{"key":"9578_CR7","unstructured":"Clark D, Field F, Richards M (2023) Computer networks and the internet: a brief history of predicting their future .[Online] http:\/\/groups.csail.mit.edu\/ana\/People\/DDC\/Predicting-the-future-3-0.pdf"},{"key":"9578_CR8","unstructured":"Congressional Research Office (2022) A low-yield, submarine-launched nuclear warhead: overview of the expert debate. [Online] https:\/\/sgp.fas.org\/crs\/nuke\/IF11143.pdf. Accessed 23 Sep 2022"},{"key":"9578_CR9","unstructured":"Congressional Research Office (2022) Navy Columbia (SSBN \u2013 826) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program: Background and Issues for Congress [Online]. https:\/\/sgp.fas.org\/crs\/weapons\/R41129.pdf. Accessed 23 Sep 2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"9578_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2017.7864753","volume":"54","author":"B Cutler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cutler B, Fowers S, Kramer J, Peterson E (2017) Dunking the data center. IEEE Spectr 54(3):26\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MSPEC.2017.7864753","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr"},{"key":"9578_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teler.2023.100049","volume":"10","author":"R Das","year":"2023","unstructured":"Das R, Inuwa MM (2023) A review on fog computing: issues, characteristics, challenges, and potential applications. Telemat Inform Rep 10:100049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.teler.2023.100049","journal-title":"Telemat Inform Rep"},{"key":"9578_CR12","unstructured":"Ellison B, Evans D, Lytwyn M, Schwalbe J (2023) Without precedent: global emerging trends in nuclear and hypersonic weapons. https:\/\/nipp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/JHU-Analysis-3.1.pdf. Accessed 1 Oct 2023"},{"key":"9578_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ensan M, Joudeh H, Alvarado A, Gustavsson U, Willems FMJ (2021) On cloud radio access networks with cascade oblivious relaying. In: 2021 IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW), 2021, pp 1\u20136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ITW48936.2021.9611433","DOI":"10.1109\/ITW48936.2021.9611433"},{"key":"9578_CR14","unstructured":"Fink A (2023) The Wind Rose\u2019s Directions: Russia\u2019s Strategic Deterrence during the First Year of the War in Ukraine. https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/ifri_fink_russian_strategic_deterrence_aout2023.pdf"},{"key":"9578_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-023-02025-5","author":"RP Gale","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gale RP, Hochhaus A (2023) Nuclear war and physicians\u2019 social responsibility. Leukemia. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41375-023-02025-5","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"9578_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6265-495-2_1","author":"RM Grossi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grossi RM (2022) Nuclear law: the global debate. Nuclear Law. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-6265-495-2_1","journal-title":"Nuclear Law"},{"issue":"4","key":"9578_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1145\/1594977.1592577","volume":"39","author":"C Guo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guo C, Lu G, Li D, Wu H, Zhang X, Shi Y, Tian C, Zhang Y, Lu S (2009) BCube. ACM SIGCOMM Comput Commun Rev 39(4):63\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1594977.1592577","journal-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Comput Commun Rev"},{"key":"9578_CR18","unstructured":"Hiroshima for Global Peace Plan, Hiroshima Report (2018) Evaluation of Achievement in Nuclear Disarmament, Non-Proliferation and Nuclear Security in 2017\u2019, Center for the promotion of disarmament and non \u2013 proliferation: The Japan Institute of International Affairs"},{"key":"9578_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.118986","volume":"314","author":"Z-H Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu Z-H, Zheng Y-X, Wang Y-G (2022) Packing computing servers into the vessel of an underwater data center considering cooling efficiency. Appl Energy 314:118986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.118986","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"9578_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johnson J (2023) Post-9\/11 US thinking and approaches to nuclear deterrence: the Bush Doctrine and the role of nuclear weapons in US deterrence strategy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41311-023-00485-1.","DOI":"10.1057\/s41311-023-00485-1"},{"issue":"8","key":"9578_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19393","DOI":"10.3390\/s150819393","volume":"15","author":"R Kazys","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kazys R, Sliteris R, Rekuviene R, Zukauskas E, Mazeika L (2015) Ultrasonic technique for density measurement of liquids in extreme conditions. Sensors 15(8):19393\u201319415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150819393","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"9578_CR22","unstructured":"Kirchberger S (2023) China\u2019s pursuit of defense technologies: implications for U.S. and Multilateral Export Control and Investment Screening Regimes\u2019 China\u2019s Undersea Warfare. [Online]. https:\/\/www.uscc.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-04\/Sarah_Kirchberger_Testimony.pdf. Accessed 1 Oct 2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"9578_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-017-0411-3","volume":"68","author":"A Kliks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kliks A, Musznicki B, Kowalik K, Kryszkiewicz P (2017) Perspectives for resource sharing in 5G networks. Telecommun Syst 68(4):605\u2013619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11235-017-0411-3","journal-title":"Telecommun Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"9578_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/00963402.2019.1556003","volume":"75","author":"HM Kristensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kristensen HM, Korda M (2019) French nuclear forces, 2019. Bull at Sci 75(1):51\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00963402.2019.1556003","journal-title":"Bull at Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"9578_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/00963402.2022.2156686","volume":"79","author":"HM Kristensen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kristensen HM, Korda M (2023) United States nuclear weapons, 2023. Bull at Sci 79(1):28\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00963402.2022.2156686","journal-title":"Bull at Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"9578_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/00963402.2023.2223088","volume":"79","author":"HM Kristensen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kristensen HM, Korda M, Johns E (2023) French nuclear weapons, 2023. Bull at Sci 79(4):272\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00963402.2023.2223088","journal-title":"Bull at Sci"},{"key":"9578_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kristensen HM, Korda M, Johns E (2023) Pakistan nuclear weapons, 2023. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. https:\/\/thebulletin.org\/premium\/2023-09\/pakistan-nuclear-weapons-2023\/. Accessed 1 Oct 2023","DOI":"10.1080\/00963402.2022.2156686"},{"key":"9578_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lamberti NA\u00a0et al (2015) A resonant sensor for liquid density measurement based on a piezoelectric bimorph. N: 2015 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), 2015, pp 1\u20134, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ULTSYM.2015.0536","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2015.0536"},{"key":"9578_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10749-023-01612-x","author":"DG Lanin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lanin DG (2023) Topical issues of the introduction of artificial intelligence into the design process of nuclear power plants. Power Technol Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10749-023-01612-x","journal-title":"Power Technol Eng"},{"key":"9578_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leslie C (2013) Competing histories of technology: recognizing the vital role of international scientific communities behind the innovation of the internet. In: Making the history of computing relevant, pp.196\u2013206, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-41650-7_18","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-41650-7_18"},{"key":"9578_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin D, Liu Y, Hamdi M, Muppala J (2012) Hyper-BCube: a scalable data center network. In: 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2012, pp. 2918\u20132923, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICC.2012.6363759.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2012.6363759"},{"issue":"3","key":"9578_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1049\/cje.2021.04.005","volume":"30","author":"L Lingshu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lingshu L, Jiangxing W, Hongchao H, Wenyan L, Zehua G (2021) Secure cloud architecture for 5G core network. Chin J Electron 30(3):516\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/cje.2021.04.005","journal-title":"Chin J Electron"},{"issue":"4","key":"9578_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s42401-020-00064-9","volume":"3","author":"AA Periola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Periola AA (2020) Aerial computing\u2014security from missile threats and enhancing PUE. Aerospace Systems 3(4):327\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42401-020-00064-9","journal-title":"Aerospace Systems"},{"key":"9578_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peters J (2021) Below the surface: undersea warfare challenges in the 21st century. In: From the North Atlantic to the South China Sea, pp 93\u2013110, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5771\/9783748921011-93.","DOI":"10.5771\/9783748921011-93"},{"key":"9578_CR35","unstructured":"Ridley P, Fontan J, Corke P (2022) Submarine dynamic modelling. [Online] https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/10898542.pdf. Accessed 23 Sep 2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"9578_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-021-00331-9","volume":"43","author":"TA Ruff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruff TA (2022) Ending nuclear weapons before they end us: current challenges and paths to avoiding a public health catastrophe. J Public Health Policy 43(1):5\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41271-021-00331-9","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"key":"9578_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-022-03916-5","author":"T Saba","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saba T, Rehman A, Haseeb K, Alam T, Jeon G (2023) Cloud-edge load balancing distributed protocol for IoE services using swarm intelligence. Clust Comput. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-022-03916-5","journal-title":"Clust Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"9578_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52020-z","volume":"9","author":"H Uchida","year":"2019","unstructured":"Uchida H, Kayukawa Y, Maeda Y (2019) Ultra high-resolution seawater density sensor based on a refractive index measurement using the spectroscopic interference method. Sci Rep 9(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-52020-z","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"9578_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Hooft P (2020) The US and Extended Deterrence. In: NL ARMS, pp 87\u2013107, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-6265-419-8_6.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6265-419-8_6"},{"key":"9578_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579643","author":"J Wen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wen J, Chen Z, Jin X, Liu X (2023) Rise of the planet of serverless computing: a systematic review. ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3579643","journal-title":"ACM Trans Softw Eng Methodol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9578_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-020-0520-x","volume":"34","author":"S Won","year":"2020","unstructured":"Won S, Lee C (2020) Simulation of the mushroom cloud generated from a high-energy explosion using large-eddy simulation. J Mech Sci Technol 34(6):2443\u20132453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12206-020-0520-x","journal-title":"J Mech Sci Technol"},{"key":"9578_CR42","unstructured":"Zhao T (2022) Tides of change: China\u2019s nuclear ballistic missile submarines and strategic stability. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace [Online] https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/files\/Zhao_SSBN_final.pdf. Accessed 23 Sep 2022"}],"container-title":["Soft Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00500-023-09578-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00500-023-09578-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00500-023-09578-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T13:06:47Z","timestamp":1721394407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00500-023-09578-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11-12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00500-023-09578-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-7643","1433-7479"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1432-7643"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1433-7479"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}