{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T07:33:51Z","timestamp":1769844831862,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soft Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-025-10936-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T09:51:52Z","timestamp":1765533112000},"page":"675-690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of COVID-19 using genomic image processing techniques with end-to-end structure deep learning models"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8322-6122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammed S.","family":"Hammad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vidan F.","family":"Ghoneim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Walid I.","family":"Al-atabany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mai S.","family":"Mabrouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"10936_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1638103","volume":"10","author":"NM Luscombe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Luscombe NM, Greenbaum D, Gerstein M (2001) What is bioinformatics? An introduction and overview. Yearb Med Inform 10:83\u2013100","journal-title":"Yearb Med Inform"},{"key":"10936_CR2","volume-title":"Molecular cell biology","author":"H Lodish","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell JE (2000) Molecular cell biology, 4th edn. W.H. Freeman, New York, NY","edition":"4"},{"key":"10936_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004845","volume":"131","author":"S Ludwig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ludwig S, Zarbock A (2020) Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2: a brief overview. Anesth Analg 131:93\u201396","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10936_CR4","volume":"7","author":"YR Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, Tan KS, Wang DY, Yan Y (2020) The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak\u2014an update on the status. Mil Med Res 7:11","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"10936_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030186","author":"HM Ashour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ashour HM, Elkhatib WF, Rahman MM, Elshabrawy HA (2020) Insights into the recent 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in light of past human coronavirus outbreaks. Pathogens. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9030186","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10936_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","volume":"26","author":"KG Andersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF (2020) The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med 26:450\u2013452","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10936_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","volume":"579","author":"F Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, Hu Y, Tao ZW, Tian JH, Pei YY, Yuan ML, Zhang YL, Dai FH, Liu Y, Wang QM, Zheng JJ, Xu L, Holmes EC, Zhang YZ (2020) A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 579:265\u2013269","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10936_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000620","volume":"115","author":"L Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan L, Mu M, Yang P, Sun Y, Wang R, Yan J, Li P, Hu B, Wang J, Hu C, Jin Y, Niu X, Ping R, Du Y, Li T, Xu G, Hu Q, Tu L (2020) Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 115:766\u2013773","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10936_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025) Egypt: WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard with vaccination data. https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/region\/emro\/country\/eg. Accessed 27 July 2025"},{"key":"10936_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","volume":"395","author":"R Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, Wang W, Song H, Huang B, Zhu N, Bi Y, Ma X, Zhan F, Wang L, Hu T, Zhou H, Hu Z, Zhou W, Zhao L, Chen J, Meng Y, Wang J, Lin Y, Yuan J, Xie Z, Ma J, Liu WJ, Wang D, Xu W, Holmes EC, Gao GF, Wu G, Chen W, Shi W, Tan W (2020) Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 395:565\u2013574","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10936_CR11","unstructured":"Castellanos J (2010) Bioinformatics methods for diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. PhD dissertation, University of Connecticut"},{"key":"10936_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.2174\/1574893611308020011","volume":"8","author":"S Maji","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maji S, Garg D (2013) Progress in gene prediction: principles and challenges. Curr Bioinform 8:226\u2013243","journal-title":"Curr Bioinform"},{"key":"10936_CR13","volume-title":"Molecular biology of the cell","author":"B Alberts","year":"2002","unstructured":"Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002) How cells read the genome: from DNA to protein. Molecular biology of the cell, 4th edn. Garland Science, New York, NY","edition":"4"},{"key":"10936_CR14","unstructured":"Science (n.d.) (Aug 2025) What is the central dogma. https:\/\/www.yourgenome.org\/facts\/what-is-the-central-dogma\/. Accessed 9\u00a0"},{"key":"10936_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-120417-031501","volume":"52","author":"L Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang L, Vijg J (2018) Somatic mutagenesis in mammals and its implications for human disease and aging. Annu Rev Genet 52:397\u2013419","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"10936_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015621710660","volume":"25","author":"DN Cooper","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cooper DN (2002) Human gene mutation in pathology and evolution. J Inherit Metab Dis 25:157\u2013182","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"key":"10936_CR17","unstructured":"Biology4Alevel (2016) Genetic mutations. https:\/\/biology4alevel.blogspot.com\/2016\/06\/133-genetic-mutations.html. Accessed 9 Aug 2025"},{"key":"10936_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singanayagam A, Patel M, Charlett A, Lopez Bernal J, Saliba V, Ellis J, Ladhani S, Zambon M, Gopal R (2020) Duration of infectiousness and correlation with RT-PCR cycle threshold values in cases of COVID-19, England, January to May 2020. Euro Surveill 25","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.32.2001483"},{"key":"10936_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2020.1757437","volume":"20","author":"A Tahamtan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tahamtan A, Ardebili A (2020) Real-time RT-PCR in COVID-19 detection: issues affecting the results. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 20:453\u2013454","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"10936_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E32","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200642","volume":"296","author":"T Ai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, Zhan C, Chen C, Lv W, Tao Q, Sun Z, Xia L (2020) Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases. Radiology 296:E32\u2013E40","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10936_CR21","volume-title":"An introduction to genetic analysis","author":"A Griffiths","year":"2000","unstructured":"Griffiths A, Miller J, Suzuki D, Lewontin R, Gelbart W (2000) Transcription and RNA polymerase. An introduction to genetic analysis, 7th edn. W.H. Freeman, New York, NY","edition":"7"},{"key":"10936_CR22","volume-title":"Genomes","author":"TA Brown","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brown TA (2002) Assembly of the transcription initiation complex. Genomes, 2nd edn. Wiley-Liss, Oxford, UK","edition":"2"},{"key":"10936_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3822","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c02624","volume":"14","author":"B Udugama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Udugama B, Kadhiresan P, Kozlowski HN, Malekjahani A, Osborne M, Li VYC, Chen H, Mubareka S, Gubbay JB, Chan WCW (2020) Diagnosing COVID-19: the disease and tools for detection. ACS Nano 14:3822\u20133835","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10936_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113909","volume":"165","author":"TB Chandra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chandra TB, Verma K, Singh BK, Jain D, Netam SS (2021) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) detection in chest X-ray images using majority voting-based classifier ensemble. Expert Syst Appl 165:113909","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"10936_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88807-2","volume":"11","author":"AZ Khuzani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khuzani AZ, Heidari M, Shariati SA (2021) COVID-classifier: an automated machine learning model to assist in the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection in chest X-ray images. Sci Rep 11:9887","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10936_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/ima.22469","volume":"31","author":"S \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk S, \u00d6zkaya U, Barstu\u011fan M (2021) Classification of coronavirus (COVID-19) from X-ray and CT images using shrunken features. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 31:5\u201315","journal-title":"Int J Imaging Syst Technol"},{"key":"10936_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.103805","volume":"121","author":"M To\u011fa\u00e7ar","year":"2020","unstructured":"To\u011fa\u00e7ar M, Ergen B, C\u00f6mert Z (2020) COVID-19 detection using deep learning models to exploit social mimic optimization and structured chest X-ray images using fuzzy color and stacking approaches. Comput Biol Med 121:103805","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10936_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-020-01888-w","volume":"51","author":"M Turkoglu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turkoglu M (2021) COVIDetectioNet: COVID-19 diagnosis system based on X-ray images using features selected from pre-learned deep features ensemble. Appl Intell 51(3):1213\u20131226","journal-title":"Appl Intell"},{"key":"10936_CR29","first-page":"643","volume":"5","author":"PK Sethy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sethy PK, Behera SK, Ratha PK, Biswas P (2020) Detection of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) based on deep features and support vector machine. Int J Math Eng Manag Sci 5:643\u2013651","journal-title":"Int J Math Eng Manag Sci"},{"key":"10936_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2021.05.013","volume":"41","author":"SH Kassani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kassani SH, Kassani PH, Wesolowski MJ, Schneider KA, Deters R (2021) Automatic detection of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in X-ray and CT images: a machine learning based approach. Biocybern Biomed Eng 41:867\u2013879","journal-title":"Biocybern Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10936_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-020-00865-4","volume":"43","author":"ID Apostolopoulos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Apostolopoulos ID, Mpesiana TA (2020) COVID-19: automatic detection from X-ray images utilizing transfer learning with convolutional neural networks. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 43:635\u2013640","journal-title":"Australas Phys Eng Sci Med"},{"key":"10936_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2020.08.008","volume":"40","author":"G Jain","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jain G, Mittal D, Thakur D, Mittal MK (2020) A deep learning approach to detect COVID-19 coronavirus with X-ray images. Biocybern Biomed Eng 40:1391\u20131405","journal-title":"Biocybern Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10936_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.729287","volume":"8","author":"H Gunraj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gunraj H, Sabri A, Koff D, Wong A (2021) COVID-Net CT-2: enhanced deep neural networks for detection of COVID-19 from chest CT images through bigger, more diverse learning. Front Med 8:729287","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10936_CR34","first-page":"20","volume":"74","author":"H Arslan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arslan H (2021) Machine learning methods for COVID-19 prediction using human genomic data. Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp 74:20","journal-title":"Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp"},{"key":"10936_CR35","first-page":"839","volume":"24","author":"H Arslan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arslan H, Arslan H (2021) A new COVID-19 detection method from human genome sequences using CpG island features and KNN classifier. Eng Sci Technol Int J 24:839\u2013847","journal-title":"Eng Sci Technol Int J"},{"key":"10936_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107666","volume":"161","author":"H Arslan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arslan H (2021) COVID-19 prediction based on genome similarity of human SARS-CoV-2 and bat SARS-CoV-like coronavirus. Comput Ind Eng 161:107666","journal-title":"Comput Ind Eng"},{"key":"10936_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80363-5","volume":"11","author":"A Lopez-Rincon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lopez-Rincon A, Tonda A, Mendoza-Maldonado L, Mulders DGJC, Molenkamp R, Perez-Romero CA, Claassen E, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD (2021) Classification and specific primer design for accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 using deep learning. Sci Rep 11:947","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10936_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbaa170","volume":"22","author":"SM Naeem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naeem SM, Mabrouk MS, Marzouk SY, Eldosoky MA (2021) A diagnostic genomic signal processing (GSP)-based system for automatic feature analysis and detection of COVID-19. Brief Bioinform 22:1197\u20131205","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"10936_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232391","volume":"15","author":"GS Randhawa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Randhawa GS, Soltysiak MPM, El Roz H, de Souza CPE, Hill KA, Kari L (2020) Machine learning using intrinsic genomic signatures for rapid classification of novel pathogens: COVID-19 case study. PLoS ONE 15:e0232391","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10936_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.13053\/rcs-148-3-9","volume":"148","author":"MRL Somodevilla","year":"2019","unstructured":"Somodevilla MRL, Rossainz M (2019) DNA sequence recognition using image representation. Res Comput Sci 148:105\u2013114","journal-title":"Res Comput Sci"},{"key":"10936_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmgm.2020.107603","volume":"99","author":"E Deliba\u015f","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deliba\u015f E, Arslan A (2020) DNA sequence similarity analysis using image texture analysis based on first-order statistics. J Mol Graph Model 99:107603","journal-title":"J Mol Graph Model"},{"key":"10936_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammad MS, Ghoneim VF, Mabrouk MS (2021) Detection of COVID-19 using genomic image processing techniques. In: 2021 3rd Novel Intelligent and Leading Emerging Sciences Conference (NILES). IEEE; 83\u201386","DOI":"10.1109\/NILES53778.2021.9600525"},{"key":"10936_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2022.08.023","volume":"63","author":"MS Hammad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hammad MS, Mabrouk MS, Al-atabany WI, Ghoneim VF (2023) Genomic image representation of human coronavirus sequences for COVID-19 detection. Alexandria Eng J 63:583\u2013597","journal-title":"Alexandria Eng J"},{"key":"10936_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1002\/int.22268","volume":"35","author":"G D\u2019Angelo","year":"2020","unstructured":"D\u2019Angelo G, Palmieri F (2020) Discovering genomic patterns in SARS-CoV-2 variants. Int J Intell Syst 35:1680\u20131698","journal-title":"Int J Intell Syst"},{"key":"10936_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-86653-2_6","volume-title":"Computational science and its applications \u2013 ICCSA 2021","author":"E Farsimadan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farsimadan E, Moradi L, Conte D, Paternoster B, Palmieri F (2021) Comparison between protein-protein interaction networks CD4T and CD8T and a numerical approach for fractional HIV infection of CD4T cells. In: Gervasi O et al (eds) Computational science and its applications \u2013 ICCSA 2021. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 12949. Springer, Cham"},{"key":"10936_CR46","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (n.d.) https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/labs\/virus"},{"key":"10936_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2019.106633","volume":"141","author":"S Pei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pei S, Dong W, Chen X, He RL, Yau SS-T (2019) Fast and accurate genome comparison using genome images: the extended natural vector method. Mol Phylogenet Evol 141:106633","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"10936_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.5.429","volume":"17","author":"JS Almeida","year":"2001","unstructured":"Almeida JS, Carri\u00e7o JA, Maretzek A, Noble PA, Fletcher M (2001) Analysis of genomic sequences by chaos game representation. Bioinformatics 17:429\u2013437","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10936_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2004.10.021","volume":"346","author":"Y Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang Y, Hill K, Singh S, Kari L (2005) The spectrum of genomic signatures: from dinucleotides to chaos game representation. Gene 346:173\u2013185","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10936_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sane P, Agrawal R (2017) Pixel normalization from numeric data as input to neural networks: For machine learning and image processing. In: 2017 international conference on wireless communications, signal processing and networking (WiSPNET). IEEE; 2221\u20132225","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSPNET.2017.8300154"},{"key":"10936_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1145\/3065386","volume":"60","author":"A Krizhevsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Hinton GE (2017) Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Commun ACM 60:84\u201390","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"10936_CR52","unstructured":"ImageNet (n.d.) http:\/\/www.image-net.org. Accessed 9 Aug 2025"},{"key":"10936_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791","volume":"86","author":"Y LeCun","year":"1998","unstructured":"LeCun Y, Bottou L, Bengio Y, Haffner P (1998) Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proc IEEE 86:2278\u20132324","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"10936_CR54","unstructured":"Nair V, Hinton GE (2010) Rectified linear units improve restricted Boltzmann machines. In: Proc 27th int conf mach learn (ICML). 807\u2013814"},{"key":"10936_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15825-4_10","volume-title":"Artificial neural networks \u2013 ICANN 2010","author":"D Scherer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scherer D, M\u00fcller A, Behnke S (2010) Evaluation of pooling operations in convolutional architectures for object recognition. In: Diamantaras K, Duch W, Iliadis LS (eds) Artificial neural networks \u2013 ICANN 2010. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 92\u2013101"},{"key":"10936_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagi J, Ducatelle F, Di Caro GA, Cire\u015fan D, Meier U, Giusti A, Nagi F, Schmidhuber J, Gambardella LM (2011) Max-pooling convolutional neural networks for vision-based hand gesture recognition. In: 2011 IEEE international conference on signal and image processing applications (ICSIPA). IEEE; 342\u2013347","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSIPA.2011.6144164"},{"key":"10936_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"049901","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2819119","volume":"16","author":"NM Nasrabadi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nasrabadi NM (2007) Book review: pattern recognition and machine learning. J Electron Imaging 16:049901","journal-title":"J Electron Imaging"},{"key":"10936_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bottou L (2010) Large-scale machine learning with stochastic gradient descent. In: Lechevallier Y, Saporta G (eds) Proceedings of COMPSTAT\u20192010. Physica-Verlag HD; 177\u2013186","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7908-2604-3_16"},{"key":"10936_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2009.03.002","volume":"45","author":"M Sokolova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sokolova M, Lapalme G (2009) A systematic analysis of performance measures for classification tasks. Inf Process Manag 45:427\u2013437","journal-title":"Inf Process Manag"}],"container-title":["Soft Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00500-025-10936-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00500-025-10936-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00500-025-10936-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T17:03:11Z","timestamp":1769792591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00500-025-10936-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00500-025-10936-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-7643","1433-7479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-7643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-7479","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}