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Inftech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper proposes an approach to employ frequency multiplication techniques like edge-combining and third harmonic extraction in ultra-low-power integrated transmitter design. The overall power demand of the transmitter is reduced by keeping operating frequency of its components low. For that reason, edge-combining and third harmonic extraction are integrated directly into a switched mode power amplifier. Hence, the radio frequency signal is generated just before it is fed to the antenna. This leads to a reduced power demand of the overall transmitter in comparison to conventional designs where the oscillator and other components are operated directly at the radio frequency.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Within this paper we propose an amplifier that generates a 2.4\u00a0GHz carrier frequency from a ring oscillator running at a low 200\u00a0MHz resulting in a frequency multiplication factor of twelve. The exemplary design is targeted to be used in ultra-low-power short range applications. Hence, our simulations using extracted layout models show that the amplifier provides an output power of approximately -12\u00a0dBm at a supply voltage of 0.6\u00a0V while consuming 2.4\u00a0mW of power fully integrated in a 180\u00a0nm 1P6M CMOS process.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This demonstrates that the proposed techniques are especially suitable for ultra-low-power transmitter in short range applications. That includes medical and body area network applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00502-020-00856-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T16:07:06Z","timestamp":1604938026000},"page":"37-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low-power integrated transmitter design using frequency multiplication techniques","Entwurf integrierter Sender zur Verringerung des Leistungsbedarfs unter Verwendung von Frequenzmultiplikationstechniken: ,,Edge-Combining\u201c und Extraktion der dritten Oberwelle"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0751-2231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Stadelmayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Faseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Pretl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"856_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1109\/tmtt.2006.873631","volume":"54","author":"D. 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(RFIC) (pp. 168\u2013171). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RFIC.2018.8428960."},{"issue":"5","key":"856_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2019.2896404","volume":"54","author":"X. Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, X., Breiholz, J., Yahya, F. B., Lukas, C. J., Kim, H., Calhoun, B. H., Wentzloff, D. D. (2019): Analysis and design of an ultra-low-power Bluetooth low-energy transmitter with ring oscillator-based ADPLL and 4\u00d7 frequency edge combiner. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, 54(5), 1339\u20131350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSSC.2019.2896404.","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"856_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2017.8050449","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE int. symp. circuits and systems (ISCAS)","author":"Y. Guo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Mai, S., Weng, Z., Liu, H., Jiang, H., Wang, Z. (2017): A 9.4 pJ\/bit 432 MHz 16-QAM\/MSK transmitter based on edge-combining power amplifier. In Proc. IEEE int. symp. circuits and systems (ISCAS) (pp. 1\u20134). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISCAS.2017.8050449."},{"key":"856_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1109\/RFIC.2015.7337730","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE radio frequency integrated circuits symp. (RFIC)","author":"M. S. Jahan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jahan, M. S., Langford, J., Holleman, J. (2015): A low-power FSK\/OOK transmitter for 915 MHz ISM band. In Proc. IEEE radio frequency integrated circuits symp. (RFIC) (pp. 163\u2013166). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RFIC.2015.7337730."},{"issue":"4","key":"856_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2017.2654322","volume":"52","author":"F. Kuo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuo, F., Binsfeld Ferreira, S., Chen, H. R., Cho, L., Jou, C., Hsueh, F., Madadi, I., Tohidian, M., Shahmohammadi, M., Babaie, M., Staszewski, R. B. (2017): A Bluetooth low-energy transceiver with 3.7 -mW all-digital transmitter, 2.75-mW high-IF discrete-time receiver, and TX\/RX switchable on-chip matching network. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, 52(4), 1144\u20131162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSSC.2017.2654322.","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"issue":"4","key":"856_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2014.2315232","volume":"23","author":"R. R. Manikandan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manikandan, R. R., Kumar, A., Amrutur, B. (2015): A digital frequency multiplication technique for energy efficient transmitters. IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst., 23(4), 781\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVLSI.2014.2315232.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. 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