{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T16:36:05Z","timestamp":1773246965952,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Economics and Climate Action","award":["MMMC01327121-01MC22001A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMMC01327121-01MC22001A"]}]},{"name":"Fraunhofer-Institut f\u00fcr Offene Kommunikationssysteme FOKUS"},{"name":"Fraunhofer-Institut f\u00fcr Offene Kommunikationssysteme FOKUS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Elektrotech. Inftech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>5G\u00a0was designed to enable and unify Industrial Internet communication. Emerging 5G campus networks, in particular, provide a\u00a0flexible communication infrastructure option addressing the specific needs of industry verticals regarding low latency, resilience, security, and operation models. Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Edge Computing have paved the way for vendor-independent, customized, and scalable network designs for the past decade. Today, Open Radio Access Network (Open RAN) principles extend this architectural thinking toward an innovative and open 5G\u00a0end-to-end infrastructure. 5G campus networks, in particular, might benefit from this envisaged openness. One key driver for boosting the global interest in private campus networks was the allocation of a dedicated 5G\u00a0spectrum in Germany in 2019. In addition to permanent spectrum allocations for static campus network deployments, nomadic ad hoc campus network deployments using novel mechanisms, such as dynamic spectrum access and trading, also emerge. Both network types are enabled by the inherent flexibility of combining or disaggregating the desired open 5G\u00a0RAN and core components in appropriate network deployments.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Building upon years of experience in developing and operating 5G\u00a0network cores and 5G\u00a0testbeds, the authors provide an overview of the emerging global campus network market, available spectrum options, use cases for nomadic campus network deployments, and the need for open campus networks and open end-to-end technology testbeds. Utilizing the Fraunhofer FOKUS Open5GCore, the 5G\u00a0Playground testbed, and the 5G+ Nomadic Node as examples, the paper sketches a\u00a0blueprint for campus networks for international, applied research and development. Ending with an outlook on the evolution of campus networks, namely the transition toward higher spectrums and the integration of non-terrestrial networks, but also the adoption of more agile software principles and the deeper integration of AI\/ML technologies for network control and management, it will become obvious that open campus network innovations will pave the way toward 6G.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00502-022-01064-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T12:02:32Z","timestamp":1664452952000},"page":"589-600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Open 5G\u00a0campus networks: key drivers for 6G\u00a0innovations","Offene 5G-Campusnetze: Schl\u00fcsseltreiber f\u00fcr 6G-Innovationen"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0671-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Emmelmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Corici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Eichhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Hauswirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Magedanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1064_CR1","unstructured":"5G Americas (2021) Private and enterprise networks. https:\/\/www.5gamericas.org\/private-and-enterprise-networks\/. Accessed 07.2022"},{"key":"1064_CR2","unstructured":"Fraunhofer FOKUS (2022) Open5GCore. https:\/\/www.open5gcore.org. Accessed 12 July 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR3","unstructured":"Fraunhofer FOKUS (2021) 5G Playground. https:\/\/www.fokus.fraunhofer.de\/go\/en\/fokus_testbeds\/5g_playground. Accessed 12 July 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR4","unstructured":"Fraunhofer FOKUS (2016) Netzinfrastrukturen f\u00fcr die Gigabitgesellschaft. https:\/\/www.fokus.fraunhofer.de\/en\/FOKUS\/Gigabit_Studie. Accessed 2022-07-12"},{"key":"1064_CR5","unstructured":"TM Forum (2019) 5G, Evolution and Revolution. https:\/\/inform.tmforum.org\/research-reports\/5g-evolution-revolution. Accessed 2022-07-12"},{"key":"1064_CR6","series-title":"Ercim news","volume-title":"Paving the way for local and industrial 5G networks and testbeds","author":"M Corici","year":"2019","unstructured":"Corici\u00a0M, Emmelmann\u00a0M, Hauswirth\u00a0M, Magedanz\u00a0T (2019) Paving the way for local and industrial 5G networks and testbeds. Ercim news, vol April 2019"},{"key":"1064_CR7","unstructured":"BMDV (2022) Gigabitstrategie der Bundesregierung. https:\/\/www.bundesregierung.de\/breg-de\/aktuelles\/gigabitstrategie-2017464. Accessed 2022-07-12"},{"key":"1064_CR8","volume-title":"Private 5G network market size, share & trends analysis report by component (hardware, software, services), by frequency (sub-6\u202fGHz, mmwave), by spectrum, by vertical, by region, and segment forecasts","author":"Grand View Research","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grand View Research (2020) Private 5G network market size, share & trends analysis report by component (hardware, software, services), by frequency (sub-6\u202fGHz, mmwave), by spectrum, by vertical, by region, and segment forecasts"},{"key":"1064_CR9","volume-title":"The private LTE & 5G network ecosystem: 2020\u20132030\u2014Opportunities, challenges, strategies, industry verticals & forecasts","author":"SNS Telecom & IT","year":"2020","unstructured":"SNS Telecom & IT (2020) The private LTE & 5G network ecosystem: 2020\u20132030\u2014Opportunities, challenges, strategies, industry verticals & forecasts"},{"key":"1064_CR10","unstructured":"IDTechEX Research (2020) 5G Technology, Market & Forecast 2020\u2013202. https:\/\/www.idtechex.com\/de\/research-report\/5g-technology-market-and-forecasts-2020-2030\/753. Accessed 2022-07-12"},{"key":"1064_CR11","volume-title":"Guidelines for 5G campus networks\u2014Orientation for small and medium-sized businesses","author":"Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BmWK)","year":"2020","unstructured":"Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BmWK) (2020) Guidelines for 5G campus networks\u2014Orientation for small and medium-sized businesses. Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BmWK), Berlin"},{"key":"1064_CR12","unstructured":"Bundesnetzagentu (2022) Regionale und lokale Netze. https:\/\/www.bundesnetzagentur.de\/DE\/Fachthemen\/Telekommunikation\/Frequenzen\/OeffentlicheNetze\/LokaleNetze\/lokalenetze-node.html. Accessed 7 July 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR13","unstructured":"NOKIA (2022) Neutral hosts: A route to greater 5G profitability for CSPs? https:\/\/www.nokia.com\/networks\/insights\/neutral-hosts-path-to-5G-profitability\/. Accessed 2022-07-12"},{"key":"1064_CR14","unstructured":"Bhaskaran S Private 5G: What is it? How does it work?, 5G Technology World, 15 03 2022. https:\/\/www.5gtechnologyworld.com\/private-5g-what-is-it-how-does-it-work\/. Accessed 8 July 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR15","volume-title":"5G Netze und Sicherheit","author":"Fraunhofer Gesellschaft","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fraunhofer Gesellschaft (2020) 5G Netze und Sicherheit. Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, Munich"},{"key":"1064_CR16","volume-title":"ODiN\u2014operating disaggregated networks","author":"NGMN Alliance","year":"2021","unstructured":"NGMN Alliance (2021) ODiN\u2014operating disaggregated networks"},{"key":"1064_CR17","volume-title":"5G device ecosystem","author":"GSA","year":"2021","unstructured":"GSA (2021) 5G device ecosystem (Global mobile Suppliers Association)"},{"key":"1064_CR18","unstructured":"IEEE Advancing open-RAN: research, standards, and deployment (webinar). https:\/\/engagestandards.ieee.org\/open-ran-webinar.html?utm_source=ieeesa&utm_medium=aem&utm_campaign=ct-2021&utm_content=open-ran. Accessed 2022-07-12"},{"key":"1064_CR19","volume-title":"TS 23.501: \u2018System architecture for the 5G System; Stage 2\u2019","author":"3GPP","year":"2016","unstructured":"3GPP (2016) TS 23.501: \u2018System architecture for the 5G System; Stage 2\u2019"},{"key":"1064_CR20","volume-title":"TS 38.413: 5G NG-RAN, NG Application Protocol (NGAP)\/Non-Access Stratum (NAS)","author":"3GPP","year":"2017","unstructured":"3GPP (2017) TS 38.413: 5G NG-RAN, NG Application Protocol (NGAP)\/Non-Access Stratum (NAS)"},{"key":"1064_CR21","volume-title":"TS 24.501: Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for 5G System (5GS); stage 3","author":"3GPP","year":"2017","unstructured":"3GPP (2017) TS 24.501: Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for 5G System (5GS); stage 3"},{"key":"1064_CR22","volume-title":"TS 29.244 interface between the control plane and the user plane nodes","author":"3GPP","year":"2016","unstructured":"3GPP (2016) TS 29.244 interface between the control plane and the user plane nodes (3GPP)"},{"key":"1064_CR23","volume-title":"TS 23.271 Functional stage 2 description of Location Services (LCS)","author":"3GPP","year":"2015","unstructured":"3GPP (2015) TS 23.271 Functional stage 2 description of Location Services (LCS)"},{"key":"1064_CR24","unstructured":"Mavenir (2022) Converged packet core. https:\/\/www.mavenir.com\/portfolio\/mavcore\/converged-packet-core\/. Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR25","unstructured":"NEC (2022) 4G\/5G converged core. https:\/\/www.nec.com\/en\/global\/solutions\/5g\/4G_5G_Converged_Core.html. Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR26","unstructured":"IEEE ComSoc Rakuten Mobile, Inc. and NEC to jointly develop the containerized standalone (SA) 5G core network. https:\/\/techblog.comsoc.org\/2020\/06\/03\/rakuten-mobile-inc-and-nec-to-jointly-develop-the-containerized-standalone-sa-5g-core-network\/ (Created 3 June 2020). Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR27","unstructured":"Athonet (2022) Athonet 5G core. https:\/\/athonet.com\/products\/athonet-5g-core\/. Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR28","unstructured":"Amazon (2022) AWS private 5G. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/private5g\/. Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR29","unstructured":"Google Announcing private network solutions on Google distributed cloud edge. https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/blog\/products\/networking\/announcing-private-network-solutions-on-google-distributed-cloud-edge (Created 14 June 2022). Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR30","unstructured":"Dano M Google starts selling private 5G. https:\/\/www.lightreading.com\/private-networks\/google-starts-selling-private-5g\/d\/d-id\/778238 (Created 14 June 2022). Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR31","unstructured":"IBM (2022) Edge computing solutions. https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/in-en\/cloud\/edge-computing. Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR32","unstructured":"Microsoft Statement of compliance\u2014Azure private 5G core preview. https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-gb\/azure\/private-5g-core\/statement-of-compliance (Created 29 June 2022). Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR33","unstructured":"Oracle (2021) 5G core network evolution. https:\/\/www.oracle.com\/industries\/communications\/service-providers-network\/solutions\/5g-next-generation-core\/. Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR34","volume-title":"2021 International Conference on Information Science and Communications Technologies (ICISCT)","author":"FJ De Souza Neto","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Souza Neto\u00a0FJ, Amatucci\u00a0E, Nassif\u00a0NA, Farias\u00a0PAM (2021) Analysis for Comparison of Framework for 5G Core Implementation. In: 2021 International Conference on Information Science and Communications Technologies (ICISCT)"},{"key":"1064_CR35","unstructured":"free5Gc (2022) Free5Gcor. https:\/\/www.free5gc.org. Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR36","unstructured":"Open Air Interfac (2022) 5G CORE NETWORK. https:\/\/openairinterface.org\/oai-5g-core-network-project\/. Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR37","unstructured":"MAGMA (2022) A modern mobile core network solution. https:\/\/magmacore.org. Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR38","unstructured":"Open5GS (2022) Open source project of 5GC and EPC (Release-16). https:\/\/open5gs.org. Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR39","unstructured":"5G-VINNI (2021) 5G verticals innovation infrastructure. https:\/\/www.5g-vinni.eu. Accessed 2022-07-12"},{"key":"1064_CR40","unstructured":"5GENESIS (2021) 5th generation end-to-end network, experimentation, system integration, and showcasing. https:\/\/5genesis.eu. Accessed 2022-07-12"},{"key":"1064_CR41","unstructured":"5G-VICTORI (2022) Vertical demos over common large scale field trials for rail, energy and media industries. https:\/\/www.5g-victori-project.eu. Accessed 2022-07-12"},{"key":"1064_CR42","volume-title":"8 IEEE 23rd International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD)","author":"H Koumaras","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koumaras\u00a0H, Tsolkas\u00a0D, Gardikis\u00a0G, Gomez\u00a0PM, Frascolla\u00a0V, Triantafyllopoulou\u00a0D, Emmelmann\u00a0M, Koumaras\u00a0V, Osma\u00a0MLG, Munaretto\u00a0D, Atxutegi\u00a0E, d. Puga\u00a0JS, Aley\u00a0O (2018) 5GENESIS: The genesis of a\u00a0flexible 5G facility. In: 8 IEEE 23rd International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD)"},{"key":"1064_CR43","unstructured":"ALADIN (2022) Advanced low altitude data information system. https:\/\/aladin-5g.de. Accessed 2022-07-12"},{"key":"1064_CR44","unstructured":"CampusOS (2022) Aufbau eines \u00d6kosystems f\u00fcr Offene 5G-Campusnetze mit offenen Funktechnologien und interoperablen Komponenten. https:\/\/campus-os.io. Accessed 2022-07-12"},{"key":"1064_CR45","unstructured":"Open6GHub (2022) 6G for society and sustainability. https:\/\/www.open6ghub.de\/en\/. Accessed 2022-07-12"},{"key":"1064_CR46","unstructured":"6G-RIC (2022) Open and secure 6G technologies as a\u00a0global market opportunity for Germany. https:\/\/6g-ric.de. Accessed 2022-07-12"},{"key":"1064_CR47","volume-title":"Shaping future 6G networks\u2014Needs, impacts and technologies","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bertin\u00a0E, Crespi\u00a0N, Magedanz\u00a0T (eds) (2021) Shaping future 6G networks\u2014Needs, impacts and technologies. IEEE Press\/Wiley"},{"key":"1064_CR48","volume-title":"European vision for the 6G network ecosystem","author":"5GIA","year":"2021","unstructured":"5GIA (2021) European vision for the 6G network ecosystem"},{"key":"1064_CR49","unstructured":"Fraunhofer Gesellschaft (2021) On the road to 6G: Drivers, challenges, and enabling technologies. https:\/\/cdn0.scrvt.com\/fokus\/6802ce7485f1a2e0\/e5665a410eca\/6g-sentinel-white-paper.pdf. Accessed 2022-07-12"},{"key":"1064_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2013.2260813","volume":"1","author":"TS Rappaport","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rappaport\u00a0TS, Sun\u00a0S, Mayzus\u00a0R, Zhao\u00a0H, Azar\u00a0Y, Wang\u00a0K, Wong\u00a0GN, Schulz\u00a0JK, Samimi\u00a0M, Gutierrez\u00a0F (2013) Millimeter wave mobile communications for 5G cellular: it will work! IEEE Access 1:335\u2013349","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1064_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78729","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2921522","volume":"7","author":"TS Rappaport","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rappaport\u00a0TS, Xing\u00a0Y, Kanhere\u00a0O, Ju\u00a0S, Madanayake\u00a0A, Mandal\u00a0S, Alkhateeb\u00a0A, Trichopoulos\u00a0GC (2019) Wireless communications and applications above 100\u202fGHz: opportunities and challenges for 6G and beyond. IEEE Access 7:78729\u201378757","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1064_CR52","unstructured":"5G-ACUA (2021) Position Paper\u2014Our view on the evolution of 5G towards 6G. https:\/\/5g-acia.org\/whitepapers\/our-view-on-the-evolution-of-5g-towards-6g\/. Accessed 2022-08-30"},{"key":"1064_CR53","unstructured":"O\u2011RAN Alliance (2022) Transforming radio access networks towards open, intelligent, virtualized and fully Interoperable RAN. https:\/\/www.o-ran.org. Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR54","volume-title":"2022 25th Conference on Innovation in Clouds, Internet and Networks (ICIN)","author":"M Corici","year":"2022","unstructured":"Corici\u00a0M, Troudt\u00a0E, Magedanz\u00a0T (2022) An organic 6G core network architecture. In: 2022 25th Conference on Innovation in Clouds, Internet and Networks (ICIN)"},{"key":"1064_CR55","volume-title":"2020 European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC)","author":"G Carrozzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carrozzo\u00a0G, Siddiqui\u00a0MS, Betzler\u00a0A, Bonnet\u00a0J, Perez\u00a0GM, Ramos\u00a0A, Subramanya\u00a0T (2020) AI-driven zero-touch operations, security and trust in multi-operator 5G networks: a\u00a0conceptual architecture. In: 2020 European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC)"},{"issue":"7","key":"1064_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2021.3061701","volume":"109","author":"H Tataria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tataria\u00a0H, Shafi\u00a0M, Molisch\u00a0AF, Dohler\u00a0M, Sj\u00f6land\u00a0H, Tufvesson\u00a0F (2021) 6G wireless systems: Vision, requirements, challenges, insights, and opportunities. Proc IEEE 109(7):1166\u20131199","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"1064_CR57","volume-title":"2021 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC\/6G Summit)","author":"MA Uusitalo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uusitalo\u00a0MA, Ericson\u00a0M, Richerzhagen\u00a0B, Soykan\u00a0EU, Rugeland\u00a0P, Fettweis\u00a0G, Sabella\u00a0D, Wikstr\u00f6m\u00a0G, Boldi\u00a0M, Hamon\u00a0M\u2011H, Schotten\u00a0HD, Ziegler\u00a0V (2021) Hexa\u2011X The European 6G flagship project. In: 2021 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC\/6G Summit)"},{"key":"1064_CR58","volume-title":"D5.1 initial 6G architectural components and enablers","author":"Hexa-X","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hexa\u2011X (2021) D5.1 initial 6G architectural components and enablers"},{"key":"1064_CR59","unstructured":"SATis5 (2020) Demonstrator for satellite-terrestrial integration in the 5G Context, Eurescom. https:\/\/satis5.eurescom.eu. Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR60","unstructured":"Starlink (2022) High-speed, low-latency broadband internet in remote and rural locations across the globe. https:\/\/www.starlink.com. Accessed 30 Aug 2022"},{"key":"1064_CR61","unstructured":"Open6GHub (2022) Open6Ghub 6G for society and sustainability. https:\/\/www.open6ghub.de\/en\/. Accessed 30 Aug 2022"}],"container-title":["e &amp; i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00502-022-01064-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00502-022-01064-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00502-022-01064-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T09:28:05Z","timestamp":1668590885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00502-022-01064-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00502-022-01064-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-383X","1613-7620"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-383X","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-7620","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}