{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T04:30:48Z","timestamp":1784176248246,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004115","name":"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004115","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Elektrotech. Inftech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The contribution of wind turbines (WTs) to enhance the frequency stability of power systems is traditionally analyzed using commonly applied root mean square (RMS) models. RMS WT models require smaller simulation time steps compared to conventional active devices (i.e., synchronous generators and dynamic loads) due to the comparatively smaller time constants of the converter controllers. Such small time steps become relevant in simulations of large-scale power systems with a\u00a0high level of WT penetration and lead to high computational time and effort. This paper presents simplified simulation models of a\u00a0doubly-fed induction generator-based WT and a\u00a0full-scale converter-based WT, which enable higher simulation time steps due to the negligence of very small time constants with no relevant effects in the time frame of interest of frequency stability analysis. The models are derived from detailed RMS WT models based on fundamental machine and converter equations. In order to verify the validity of the underlying simplifications, the simplified models are compared to the detailed RMS models with a focus on their general behavior in case of step responses and their frequency responses in the event of a\u00a0frequency drop in a\u00a0220\u202fkV test system. For this purpose, both the detailed RMS WT models as well as the simplified WT models are extended with a\u00a0droop-based fast frequency response controller and implemented in a\u00a0MATLAB-based RMS simulation tool. The results of the case studies show feasible and comparable general behavior of the WT models as well as plausible frequency responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00502-023-01128-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T14:03:39Z","timestamp":1678716219000},"page":"338-351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficient modeling of DFIG- and FSC-based wind turbines for frequency stability analysis","Effiziente Modellierung von Windenergieanlagen mit doppelt gespeister Asynchronmaschine und Vollumrichter f\u00fcr Untersuchungen der Frequenzstabilit\u00e4t"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"140","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1305-2814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farshid","family":"Goudarzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0872-9176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Reus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3688-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lutz","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1128_CR1","volume-title":"Technical brochure 566: Modelling and aggregation of loads in flexible power networks","author":"CIGR\u00c9 C4605","year":"2014","unstructured":"CIGR\u00c9 C4605 (2014) Technical brochure 566: Modelling and aggregation of loads in flexible power networks"},{"issue":"3","key":"1128_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2016.0333","volume":"11","author":"S Engelken","year":"2017","unstructured":"Engelken S, Mendonca A, Fischer M (2017) Inertial response with improved variable recovery behaviour provided by type 4 WTs. IET Renew Power Gener 11(3):195\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/iet-rpg.2016.0333","journal-title":"IET Renew Power Gener"},{"key":"1128_CR3","unstructured":"ENTSO\u2011E (2004) Appendix 1: Load-frequency control and performance. https:\/\/eepublicdownloads.entsoe.eu\/clean-documents\/pre2015\/publications\/entsoe\/Operation_Handbook\/Policy_1_Appendix%20_final.pdf. Accessed 09.10.2022"},{"key":"1128_CR4","unstructured":"ENTSO\u2011E (2009) Policy 1: Load-frequency control and performance. https:\/\/eepublicdownloads.entsoe.eu\/clean-documents\/pre2015\/publications\/entsoe\/Operation_Handbook\/Policy_1_final.pdf. Accessed 09.10.2022"},{"key":"1128_CR5","unstructured":"ENTSO\u2011E (2018) Need for synthetic inertia (SI) for frequency regulation. https:\/\/eepublicdownloads.entsoe.eu\/clean-documents\/Network%20codes%20documents\/NC%20RfG\/IGD_Need_for_Synthetic_Inertia_final.pdf. Accessed 09.10.2022"},{"key":"1128_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/PES.2010.5589911","volume-title":"IEEE PES General Meeting, IEEE, Minneapolis, MN","author":"I Erlich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Erlich I, Wilch M (2010) Primary frequency control by wind turbines. In: IEEE PES General Meeting, IEEE, Minneapolis, MN, pp 1\u20138 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PES.2010.5589911"},{"key":"1128_CR7","series-title":"Berichte aus der Energietechnik","volume-title":"Advanced fault ride-through control of DFIG based wind turbines including grid connection via VSC-HVDC","author":"C Feltes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Feltes C (2012) Advanced fault ride-through control of DFIG based wind turbines including grid connection via VSC-HVDC. Berichte aus der Energietechnik. Shaker, Aachen"},{"issue":"23","key":"1128_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8048","DOI":"10.3390\/en14238048","volume":"14","author":"F Goudarzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goudarzi F, Hofmann L (2021) A\u00a0combined RMS simulation model for DFIG-based and FSC-based wind turbines and its initialization. Energies 14(23):8048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en14238048","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"1128_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118703274","volume-title":"Grid integration of wind energy","author":"S Heier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heier S (2014) Grid integration of wind energy, 3rd\u00a0edn. John Wiley & Sons Inc, Chichester","edition":"3"},{"key":"1128_CR10","series-title":"Berichte aus der Elektrotechnik","volume-title":"Auswirkungen eines vermaschten Offshore-Netzes in HG\u00dc-Technik auf die Netzf\u00fchrung der angeschlossenen Verbundsysteme","author":"T Hennig","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hennig T, Hofmann L, Erlich I (2018) Auswirkungen eines vermaschten Offshore-Netzes in HG\u00dc-Technik auf die Netzf\u00fchrung der angeschlossenen Verbundsysteme. Berichte aus der Elektrotechnik. Shaker, Aachen"},{"key":"1128_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2020.9020274","volume-title":"Ieee std 1110-2019 \u2013 IEEE guide for synchronous generator modeling practices and parameter verification with applications in power system stability analyses","author":"IEEE Std 1110-2019","year":"2020","unstructured":"IEEE Std 1110-2019 (2020) Ieee std 1110-2019 \u2013 IEEE guide for synchronous generator modeling practices and parameter verification with applications in power system stability analyses https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2020.9020274"},{"key":"1128_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2016.7553421","volume-title":"IEEE std 421.5-2016 \u2013 IEEE recommended practice for excitation system models for power system stability studies","author":"IEEE Std 421.5-2016","year":"2016","unstructured":"IEEE Std 421.5-2016 (2016) IEEE std 421.5-2016 \u2013 IEEE recommended practice for excitation system models for power system stability studies https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2016.7553421"},{"key":"1128_CR13","volume-title":"Power system stability and control","author":"P Kundur","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kundur P, Balu NJ, Lauby MG (1994) Power system stability and control. McGraw-Hill, New York"},{"key":"1128_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/EPEC.2016.7771694","volume-title":"2016 IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC), IEEE, Ottawa, ON, Canada","author":"D Mende","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mende D, Hennig T, Akbulut A, Becker H, Hofmann L (2016) Dynamic frequency support with DFIG wind turbines \u2014 a\u00a0system study. In: 2016 IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC), IEEE, Ottawa, ON, Canada, pp 1\u20137 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EPEC.2016.7771694"},{"key":"1128_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-29506-6","volume-title":"Berechnung von Drehstromnetzen: Berechnung station\u00e4rer und nichtstation\u00e4rer Vorg\u00e4nge mit Symmetrischen Komponenten und Raumzeigern","author":"BR Oswald","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oswald BR (2021) Berechnung von Drehstromnetzen: Berechnung station\u00e4rer und nichtstation\u00e4rer Vorg\u00e4nge mit Symmetrischen Komponenten und Raumzeigern, 4th\u00a0edn. Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden","edition":"4"},{"key":"1128_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/eGRID.2018.8598698","volume-title":"2018 IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid), IEEE, Charleston, SC","author":"A Pawellek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pawellek A, Hofmann L (2018) Comparison of methods for the simulation of dynamic power flows in the international grid control cooperation. In: 2018 IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid), IEEE, Charleston, SC, pp 1\u20136 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/eGRID.2018.8598698"},{"key":"1128_CR17","series-title":"Berichte aus dem IfES","volume-title":"Entwicklung und Modellierung von Konzepten f\u00fcr das Engpassmanagement im Netzregelverbund","author":"A Pawellek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pawellek A, Hofmann L, Wolter M (2021) Entwicklung und Modellierung von Konzepten f\u00fcr das Engpassmanagement im Netzregelverbund. Berichte aus dem IfES. TEWISS, Garbsen"},{"key":"1128_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130957","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2940648","volume":"7","author":"E Rakhshani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rakhshani E, Gusain D, Sewdien V, Rueda Torres JL, Van Der Meijden MAMM (2019) A key performance indicator to assess the frequency stability of wind generation dominated power system. IEEE Access 7:130957\u2013130969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2940648","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1128_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/PTC.2019.8810492","volume-title":"2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech, IEEE, Milan, Italy","author":"E Rakhshani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rakhshani E, Rueda Torres JL, Palensky P, van der Meijden M (2019b) Determination of maximum wind power penetration considering wind turbine fast frequency response. In: 2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech, IEEE, Milan, Italy, pp 1\u20136 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PTC.2019.8810492"},{"key":"1128_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.23919\/ICUE-GESD.2018.8635602","volume-title":"2018 International Conference and Utility Exhibition on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE), IEEE, Phuket, Thailand","author":"VN Sewdien","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sewdien VN, van der Meijden M, Breithaupt T, Hofmann L, Herwig D, Mertens A, Tuinema BW, Rueda Torres JL (2018) Effects of increasing power electronics on system stability: Results from MIGRATE questionnaire. In: 2018 International Conference and Utility Exhibition on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE), IEEE, Phuket, Thailand, pp 1\u20139 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/ICUE-GESD.2018.8635602"}],"container-title":["e &amp; i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00502-023-01128-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00502-023-01128-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00502-023-01128-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T15:47:55Z","timestamp":1683560875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00502-023-01128-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00502-023-01128-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-383X","1613-7620"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-383X","type":"print"},{"value":"1613-7620","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}