{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:01:44Z","timestamp":1777478504758,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"FFG","award":["FO999905059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FO999905059"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008332","name":"Graz University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008332","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Elektrotech. Inftech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The nominal power of electric vehicle charging stations or charging parks is constantly increasing. Most of the users are ordinary persons and handle such equipment with a\u00a0rated power of several 100\u202fkW. Until now, equipment with such power ratings was only common in electrical operating facilities such as industrial plants where the users are at least instructed and protective measures are specified. If ordinary persons handle equipment with such power ratings in the field, the question arises as to whether the conventional safety goals are met in the event of an electrical fault. The consideration is: If the power increases so much, it can be assumed that the short-circuit power and thus the fault current increase and so does the risk of a\u00a0dangerous electric shock. In this contribution, calculations of line-to-earth short-circuits on the low-voltage AC side of the three-phase system and their effects in typical configurations of charging stations are carried out. Considering the electromagnetic interference, the calculations provide the fault current and its distribution to determine the electrical potentials during the fault. From this, the (partial) fault voltages and active fault voltages are calculated. Based on the active fault voltage, the expected body impedance and consequently, the body current can be determined. With the body current and the break time of the protection device the risk of electric shock using international standards as guidelines is evaluated. As a\u00a0result, recommendations for the planning, installation and safe operation of charging stations are given. It turns out that considering certain aspects like the conductor cross-sections or the electromagnetic interference, the risk of electric shock can be reduced to a\u00a0conventional level. Periodic testing of the electrical system is necessary for safe and reliable operation. For example, follow-on faults due to unintended, improper use by ordinary persons can be prevented. Also, regular inspection of the electrical system is necessary for safe and reliable operation to prevent hazards due to aging or wear. However, it seems challenging to define an installation guideline that applies to all configurations as the boundary conditions vary depending on the type of system, installations in the area of interference and environmental influences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00502-023-01180-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T14:01:48Z","timestamp":1700056908000},"page":"645-661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Electromagnetic interference and the effect of low-voltage protective measures at electric vehicle charging stations","Elektromagnetische Beeinflussung und die Wirkung von Niederspannungsschutzma\u00dfnahmen bei Ladestationen f\u00fcr Elektrofahrzeuge"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"140","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3102-2061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"F\u00fcrnschu\u00df","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Herbst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Reichel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Stahleder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Auer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ernst","family":"Schmautzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Sch\u00fcrhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1180_CR1","series-title":"The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE press","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119078388","volume-title":"Circuit oriented electromagnetic modelling using the peec techniques","author":"AE Ruehli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruehli\u00a0AE, Antonini\u00a0G, Jiang\u00a0L (2017) Circuit oriented electromagnetic modelling using the peec techniques. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE press. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken"},{"key":"1180_CR2","unstructured":"IEC 60479\u20111 Edition 1.0: 2018-12, Effects of current on human beings and livestock\u2014Part 1: General aspects"},{"key":"1180_CR3","unstructured":"IEC 60479\u20112 Edition 1.0: 2019-05, Effects of current on human beings and livestock\u2014Part 2: Special Aspects"},{"key":"1180_CR4","unstructured":"IEC 60479-3: 1998-09, Effects of current on human beings and livestock\u2014Part 3: Effects of currents passing through the body of livestock"},{"key":"1180_CR5","unstructured":"IEC\/TR 60479\u20114 Edition 2.0: 2011-10, Effects of current on human beings and livestock\u2014Part 4: Effects of lightning strokes"},{"key":"1180_CR6","unstructured":"IEC\/TR 60479\u20115 Edition 1.0: 2007-11, Effects of current on human beings and livestock\u2014Part 5: Touch voltage threshold values for physiological effects"},{"key":"1180_CR7","unstructured":"IEC\/TR 60479\u20115 Edition 1.0: 2007-11, Effects of current on human beings and livestock\u2014Part 5: Touch voltage threshold values for physiological effects, Corrigendum 1, 2013\u201308"},{"key":"1180_CR8","series-title":"ESF-Bericht","volume-title":"K\u00f6rperimpedanzen des Menschen bei trokkenen, wassernassen und salznassen Ber\u00fchrungsfl\u00e4chen verschiedener Gr\u00f6\u00dfe","author":"H Bachl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bachl\u00a0H, Biegelmeier\u00a0G, Hirtler\u00a0R (2001) K\u00f6rperimpedanzen des Menschen bei trokkenen, wassernassen und salznassen Ber\u00fchrungsfl\u00e4chen verschiedener Gr\u00f6\u00dfe. ESF-Bericht, vol \u00a02. Gemeinn\u00fctzige Privatstiftung Elektroschutz"},{"key":"1180_CR9","series-title":"ESF-Bericht","volume-title":"Konventionelle Grenzwerte mit vertretbarem Risiko f\u00fcr das Auftreten von Herzkammerflimmern bei elektrischen Durchstr\u00f6mungen mit Wechselstrom 50\/60\u202fHz\u00a0bzw. Gleichstrom","author":"H Antoni","year":"2001","unstructured":"Antoni\u00a0H, Biegelmeier\u00a0G, Kieback\u00a0D (2001) Konventionelle Grenzwerte mit vertretbarem Risiko f\u00fcr das Auftreten von Herzkammerflimmern bei elektrischen Durchstr\u00f6mungen mit Wechselstrom 50\/60\u202fHz\u00a0bzw. Gleichstrom. ESF-Bericht, vol 3. Gemeinn\u00fctzige Privatstiftung Elektroschutz"},{"key":"1180_CR10","series-title":"ESF-Schriftenreihe","volume-title":"Schutz gegen elektrischen Schlag, Beurteilung der Grenzrisiken, Wertigkeitsvergleiche","author":"G Biegelmeier","year":"2001","unstructured":"Biegelmeier\u00a0G (2001) Schutz gegen elektrischen Schlag, Beurteilung der Grenzrisiken, Wertigkeitsvergleiche. ESF-Schriftenreihe, vol 4. 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