{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T08:10:06Z","timestamp":1762762206256,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008332","name":"Graz University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008332","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Elektrotech. Inftech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Civil air traffic surveillance and management depends heavily on the use of aircraft transponders replying to radio interrogations from cooperative surveillance systems such as secondary surveillance radars, multilateration and collision avoidance systems. A\u00a0high number of such surveillance systems combined with a\u00a0high aircraft density can cause a\u00a0large quantity of interrogations, therefore having a\u00a0detrimental impact on transponder behavior and sometimes even causing a\u00a0loss of replies and thus a\u00a0deterioration in aircraft surveillance. In order to ensure the safe operation of European air traffic management, the European Commission obligates the member states to take measures to ensure that the transponder load in their air spaces does not exceed a\u00a0safe level. EUROCONTROL, in its function as network manager responsible for supporting the monitoring, management and coordination of the scarce spectrum resource, has contracted the implementation of a\u00a0European simulation tool to Austro Control in collaboration with SeRo Systems and the Institute of Microwave and Photonic Engineering as subcontractors. This paper examines the development and use of this tool as well as the functionality it provides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00502-024-01214-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T09:02:06Z","timestamp":1716886926000},"page":"175-187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["ESIT \u2013 a\u00a0digital twin of air surveillance infrastructure","ESIT \u2013 ein Digitaler Zwilling f\u00fcr das zivile Flugsicherungsradar"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"141","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1130-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helmut","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"B\u00f6sch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Paulitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Schlemmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1214_CR1","volume-title":"Secondary surveillance radar","author":"MC Stevens","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stevens MC (1988) Secondary surveillance radar. Artech House, Norwood"},{"key":"1214_CR2","unstructured":"Number of flights performed by the global airline industry from 2004 to 2022, with a forecasts for 2023 (in millions), [Graph], IATA, June 1, 2023. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/564769\/airline-industry-number-of-flights\/. Accessed 8\u00a0Jan 2024"},{"key":"1214_CR3","volume-title":"\u201cEUROCONTROL Guidelines on the Assessment of Ground-based Surveillance Interrogations","author":"EUROCONTROL","year":"2020","unstructured":"EUROCONTROL (2020) \u201cEUROCONTROL Guidelines on the Assessment of Ground-based Surveillance Interrogations, 2.0\u00a0edn.","edition":"2.0"},{"key":"1214_CR4","first-page":"305","volume":"54","author":"European Commission","year":"2011","unstructured":"European Commission (2011of) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1207\/2011 of 22 November 2011 laying down requirements for the performance and the interoperability of surveillance for the single European sky. Off J Eur Union 54:305","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"1214_CR5","first-page":"59","volume":"60","author":"European Commission","year":"2017","unstructured":"European Commission (2017) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017\/386 of 6 March 2017 amending Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1207\/2011 laying down requirements for the performance and the interoperability of surveillance for the single European sky. Off J Eur Union 60:59","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"1214_CR6","first-page":"28","volume":"62","author":"European Commission","year":"2019","unstructured":"European Commission (2019) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019\/123 of 24 January 2019 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of air traffic management (ATM) network functions and repealing Commission Regulation (EU) No 677\/2011. Off J Eur Union 62:28","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"1214_CR7","first-page":"138","volume":"63","author":"European Commission","year":"2020","unstructured":"European Commission (2020) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020\/587 of 29 April 2020 amending Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1206\/2011 laying down requirements on aircraft identification for surveillance for the single European sky and Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1207\/2011 laying down requirements for the performance and the interoperability of surveillance for the single European sky. Off J Eur Union 63:138","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"1214_CR8","volume-title":"Proc. of the International Radar Symposium 2023","author":"H Schreiber","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schreiber H, B\u00f6sch W, Paulitsch H, Schlemmer A, Sch\u00e4fer M, Kraft M, Bartl A, Oberluggauer A, Bodart J (2023) From TOpAs to ESIT: Estimating transponder load using digital twins of surveillance infrastructure. In: Proc. of the International Radar Symposium 2023 Berlin"},{"key":"1214_CR9","volume-title":"Development of 1030\/1090 MHz RF Model, Technical Specification","author":"EUROCONTROL","year":"2020","unstructured":"EUROCONTROL (2020) Development of 1030\/1090 MHz RF Model, Technical Specification, 1.0\u00a0edn.","edition":"1.0"},{"key":"1214_CR10","volume-title":"Doc 9924, Aeronautical Surveillance Manual","author":"International Civil Aviation Organization","year":"2020","unstructured":"International Civil Aviation Organization (2020) Doc 9924, Aeronautical Surveillance Manual, 3rd\u00a0edn. ICAO, Montreal","edition":"3"},{"key":"1214_CR11","volume-title":"Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Aeronautical Telecommunications, Volume IV \u2013 Surveillance and Collision Avoidance Systems","author":"International Civil Aviation Organization","year":"2014","unstructured":"International Civil Aviation Organization (2014) Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Aeronautical Telecommunications, Volume IV \u2013 Surveillance and Collision Avoidance Systems, 5th\u00a0edn. ICAO, Montreal","edition":"5"},{"key":"1214_CR12","volume-title":"SALADT User\u2019s Manual","author":"EUROCONTROL","year":"1999","unstructured":"EUROCONTROL (1999) SALADT User\u2019s Manual, 2.3\u00a0edn.","edition":"2.3"},{"key":"1214_CR13","volume-title":"European Mode S Station Coverage Map Interface Control Document","author":"EUROCONTROL","year":"2015","unstructured":"EUROCONTROL (2015) European Mode S Station Coverage Map Interface Control Document, 1.16\u00a0edn.","edition":"1.16"},{"key":"1214_CR14","volume-title":"Doc 9863, Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) Manual\u201d","author":"International Civil Aviation Organization","year":"2012","unstructured":"International Civil Aviation Organization (2012) Doc 9863, Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) Manual\u201d, 2nd\u00a0edn. ICAO, Montreal","edition":"2"},{"key":"1214_CR15","series-title":"RTCA DO-300A,","volume-title":"Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System II (TCAS II) Hybrid Surveillance","author":"RTCA","year":"2006","unstructured":"RTCA (2006) Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System II (TCAS II) Hybrid Surveillance. RTCA DO-300A,. 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