{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T02:58:23Z","timestamp":1773457103129,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,30]],"date-time":"2012-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput &amp; Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-012-1230-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,29]],"date-time":"2012-10-29T20:00:16Z","timestamp":1351540816000},"page":"357-366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Assessment of M5\u2032 model tree and classification and regression trees for prediction of scour depth below free overfall spillways"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mehrshad","family":"Samadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Jabbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H. Md.","family":"Azamathulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1230_CR1","unstructured":"Veronese A (1937) Erosion de fond en aval d\u2019une decharge. In: IAHR, meeting for hydraulic works, Berlin"},{"key":"1230_CR2","unstructured":"Kotlus D (1967) Das kolkproblem unter Breucksichtigung der Faktoren Zeit und Geschiebemischung im Rahmen der Wildbachverbauung. Diss. T U Braunschweig"},{"key":"1230_CR3","unstructured":"Wu CM (1973) Scour at downstream end of dams in Taiwan. In: International symposium on river mechanics, Bangkok, pp 1\u20136"},{"issue":"4","key":"1230_CR4","first-page":"152","volume":"27","author":"RBF Martins","year":"1975","unstructured":"Martins RBF (1975) Scouring of rocky river beds by free jet spillways. Water Power Dam Constr 27(4):152\u2013153","journal-title":"Water Power Dam Constr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1230_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1680\/iicep.1984.1257","volume":"76","author":"PJ Mason","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mason PJ (1984) Erosion of Plung pools downstream of dams due to the action of free trajectory Jets. Proc Inst Civil Eng Water Marit Eng 76(5):523\u2013537","journal-title":"Proc Inst Civil Eng Water Marit Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"1230_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1985)111:2(220)","volume":"111","author":"PJ Mason","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mason PJ, Arumugam K (1985) Free jet scour below dams and flip buckets. J Hydraul Eng 111(2):220\u2013235","journal-title":"J Hydraul Eng"},{"key":"1230_CR7","unstructured":"Mahboobi E (1997) The effect of sediment size on maximum scour depth in plunge pool. MS thesis in hydraulic structure engineering, University of science and technology, Tehran"},{"key":"1230_CR8","unstructured":"Azar FA (1998) Effect of sediment size distribution on scour downstream of free overfall Spillway. MS thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran"},{"key":"1230_CR9","unstructured":"Ghodsian M, Abbasi AA, Azar FA (1998) Maximum depth of scour below free jet spillway. In 5th National Seminar on River Engineering, Ahvaz, pp 372\u2013378"},{"key":"1230_CR10","unstructured":"Afshar A, Jabbari E (2001) Effect of bed materials size on the maximum depth of scour in overflow spillway. International Journal of Engineering Science, Special issue on civil engineering, pp 17\u201327"},{"issue":"4","key":"1230_CR11","first-page":"304","volume":"17","author":"M Ghodsian","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ghodsian M, Azar FA (2002) Scour hole characteristics below free overfall Spillway. Int J Sediment Res 17(4):304\u2013313","journal-title":"Int J Sediment Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"1230_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:10(898)","volume":"131","author":"HMd Azmathullah","year":"2005","unstructured":"Azmathullah HMd, Deo MC, Deolalikar PB (2005) Neural networks for estimation of scour downstream of a ski-jump bucket. J Hydraul Eng 131(10):898\u2013908","journal-title":"J Hydraul Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"1230_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000066","volume":"2","author":"HMd Azmathullah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Azmathullah HMd, Ghani AA (2011) ANFIS-based approach for predicting the scour depth at culvert outlets. J Pipeline Syst Eng Pract 2(1):35\u201340","journal-title":"J Pipeline Syst Eng Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"1230_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-6058(08)60083-9","volume":"20","author":"HMd Azmathullah","year":"2008","unstructured":"Azmathullah HMd, Ghani AA, Zakaria NA, Lai SH, Chang CK, Leow CS, Abuhasan Z (2008) Genetic programming to predict ski-jump bucket spillway scour. J Hydrodyn 20(4):477\u2013484","journal-title":"J Hydrodyn"},{"issue":"2","key":"1230_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2008)134:2(241)","volume":"134","author":"A Guven","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guven A, Gunal M (2008) Genetic programming approach for prediction of local scour downstream hydraulic structures. J Irrig Drain Eng 134(2):241\u2013249","journal-title":"J Irrig Drain Eng"},{"key":"1230_CR16","first-page":"189","volume":"3","author":"HMd Azamathullah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Azamathullah HMd, Zakaria NA (2011) Appraisals of soft-computing techniques in prediction of spillway scour depth. Dam Eng XXI 3:189\u2013202","journal-title":"Dam Eng XXI"},{"issue":"12\u201313","key":"1230_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2009.05.010","volume":"36","author":"A Guven","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guven A, Azamathulla HMd, Zakaria NA (2009) Linear genetic programming for prediction of circular pile scour. J Ocean Eng 36(12\u201313):985\u2013991","journal-title":"J Ocean Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"1230_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2008.05.008","volume":"22","author":"A Goel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goel A, Pal M (2009) Application of support vector machines in scour prediction on grade-control structures. Eng Appl Artif Intell 22(2):216\u2013223","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"1230_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/10286600802517491","volume":"27","author":"M Agarwal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Agarwal M, Goyal M, Deo MC (2008) Locally weighted projection regression for predicting hydraulic parameters. Civil Eng Environ Syst 27(1):71\u201380","journal-title":"Civil Eng Environ Syst"},{"key":"1230_CR20","unstructured":"Samadi M, Jabbari E (2011) Prediction of scour depth downstream of ski-jump spillways using field data. In 10th hydraulic conference of Iran, Guilan University, Rasht"},{"issue":"3","key":"1230_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1108\/02644401111118132","volume":"28","author":"AH Alavi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alavi AH, Gandomi AH (2011) A robust data mining approach for formulation of geotechnical engineering systems. Eng Comput 28(3):242\u2013274","journal-title":"Eng Comput"},{"issue":"10\u201311","key":"1230_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/clen.200800009","volume":"36","author":"A Guven","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guven A, Aytek A, Yuce MI, Aksoy H (2008) Genetic programming based empirical model for daily reference evapotranspiration estimation. CLEAN- Soil Air Water 36(10\u201311):905\u2013912","journal-title":"CLEAN- Soil Air Water"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"1230_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2010.06.001","volume":"41","author":"O Kisi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kisi O, Guven A (2010) A machine code-based genetic programming for suspended sediment concentration estimation. Adv Eng Softw 41(7\u20138):939\u2013945","journal-title":"Adv Eng Softw"},{"key":"1230_CR24","unstructured":"Azamathulla HMd (2012) Gene-expression programming to predict friction factor for Southern Italian rivers. Neural Computing and Applications, pp 1\u20136"},{"key":"1230_CR25","unstructured":"Azamathulla HMd, Ahmad Z, Ghani AA (2012) An expert system for predicting Manning\u2019s roughness coefficient in open channels by using gene expression programming. Neural Computing and Applications, pp 1\u20137"},{"issue":"1","key":"1230_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-011-0735-y","volume":"21","author":"AH Gandomi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gandomi AH, Alavi AH (2012) A new multi-gene genetic programming approach to non-linear system modeling. Part II: geotechnical and earthquake engineering problems. Neural Comput Appl 21(1):189\u2013201","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"issue":"7","key":"1230_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-009-9559-y","volume":"43","author":"AH Gandomi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gandomi AH, Alavi AH, Sahab M (2010) New formulation for compressive strength of CFRP confined concrete cylinders using linear genetic programming. Mater Struct 43(7):963\u2013983","journal-title":"Mater Struct"},{"issue":"21","key":"1230_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.07.048","volume":"408","author":"NA Zakaria","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zakaria NA, Azamathulla HMd, Chang CK, Ghani A (2010) Gene expression programming for total bed material load estimation\u2014a case study. Sci Total Environ 408(21):5078\u20135085","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1230_CR29","unstructured":"Guven A, Aytek A, Azamathulla HMd (2012) A practical approach to formulate stage\u2013discharge relationship in natural rivers. Neural Computing and Applications, pp 1\u20138"},{"issue":"9","key":"1230_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-011-9801-6","volume":"25","author":"M Goyal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goyal M, Ojha C (2011) Estimation of scour downstream of a ski-jump bucket using support vector and M5 model Tree. Water Resour Manage 25(9):2177\u20132195","journal-title":"Water Resour Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"1230_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2010.11.002","volume":"33","author":"A Etemad-Shahidi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Etemad-Shahidi A, Yasa R, Kazeminezhad MH (2011) Prediction of wave-induced scour depth under submarine pipelines using machine learning approach. Appl Ocean Res 33(1):54\u201359","journal-title":"Appl Ocean Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"1230_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2011.07.012","volume":"38","author":"A Etemad-Shahidi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Etemad-Shahidi A, Ghaemi N (2011) Model tree approach for prediction of pile groups scour due to waves. Ocean Eng 38(13):1522\u20131527","journal-title":"Ocean Eng"},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"1230_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2009.08.008","volume":"36","author":"A Etemad-Shahidi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Etemad-Shahidi A, Mahjoobi J (2009) Comparison between M5\u2032 model tree and neural networks for prediction of significant wave height in Lake Superior. Ocean Eng 36(15\u201316):1175\u20131181","journal-title":"Ocean Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"1230_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2009.08.003","volume":"31","author":"A Etemad-Shahidi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Etemad-Shahidi A, Bonakdar L (2009) Design of rubble-mound breakwaters using M5\u2032 machine learning method. Appl Ocean Res 31(3):197\u2013201","journal-title":"Appl Ocean Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1230_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2011.07.002","volume":"59","author":"A Etemad-Shahidi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Etemad-Shahidi A, Bali M (2012) Stability of rubble-mound breakwater using H50 wave height parameter. Coast Eng 59(1):38\u201345","journal-title":"Coast Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"1230_CR36","first-page":"92","volume":"33","author":"MK Ayoubloo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ayoubloo MK, Azamathulla HM, Ahmad Z, Ghani A, Mahjoobi J, Rasekh A (2011) Prediction of scour depth in downstream of ski-jump spillways using soft computing techniques. Int J Comput Appl 33(1):92\u201397","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"1230_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3527177","volume":"1303","author":"J Mahjoobi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mahjoobi J, Sabzianpoor A, Jabbari E (2010) Application of meta-heuristic models for local scour evaluation. AIP Conf Proc 1303(1):389\u2013397","journal-title":"AIP Conf Proc"},{"issue":"8","key":"1230_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.02.073","volume":"38","author":"MK Ayoubloo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ayoubloo MK, Azamathulla HM, Jabbari E, Zanganeh M (2011) Predictive model-based for the critical submergence of horizontal intakes in open channel flows with different clearance bottoms using CART, ANN and linear regression approaches. Expert Syst Appl 38(8):10114\u201310123","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"1230_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2010.05.003","volume":"32","author":"MK Ayoubloo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ayoubloo MK, Etemad-Shahidi A, Mahjoobi J (2010) Evaluation of regular wave scour around a circular pile using data mining approaches. Appl Ocean Res 32(1):34\u201339","journal-title":"Appl Ocean Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1230_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2008.11.001","volume":"30","author":"J Mahjoobi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mahjoobi J, Etemad-Shahidi A (2008) An alternative approach for the prediction of significant wave heights based on classification and regression trees. Appl Ocean Res 30(3):172\u2013177","journal-title":"Appl Ocean Res"},{"issue":"24","key":"1230_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2009.06.020","volume":"220","author":"\u00c1G Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez \u00c1G, Schnabel S, Lavado Contador JF (2009) Using and comparing two nonparametric methods (CART and MARS) to model the potential distribution of gullies. Ecol Model 220(24):3630\u20133637","journal-title":"Ecol Model"},{"key":"1230_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2174\/1874835X00801010013","volume":"1","author":"P Jain","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jain P, Deo MC (2008) Artificial intelligence tools to forecast ocean waves in real time. Open Ocean Eng J 1:13\u201321 (Bentham Science)","journal-title":"Open Ocean Eng J"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1230_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2010.07.006","volume":"36","author":"P Jain","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jain P, Deo MC, Latha G, Rajendran V (2011) Real time wave forecasting using wind time history and numerical model. Ocean Model 36(1\u20132):26\u201339","journal-title":"Ocean Model"},{"key":"1230_CR44","unstructured":"Quinlan JR (1992) Learning with continuous classes. In: Adams, Sterling (eds) Proceedings of AI\u201992, World Scientific, pp 343\u2013348"},{"key":"1230_CR45","unstructured":"Wang Y, Witten IH (1997) Induction of model trees for predicting continuous classes. In: Proceedings of the Poster Papers of the European Conference on Machine Learning, University of Economics, Faculty of Informatics and Statistics, Prague"},{"key":"1230_CR46","volume-title":"Classification and regression trees","author":"L Breiman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Breiman L, Friedman JH, Olshen RA, Stone CJ (1984) Classification and regression trees. Wadsworth Statistical Press, Belmont"},{"issue":"1","key":"1230_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2010.09.015","volume":"38","author":"L Bonakdar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bonakdar L, Etemad-Shahidi A (2011) Predicting wave run-up on rubble-mound structures using M5 model tree. Ocean Eng 38(1):111\u2013118","journal-title":"Ocean Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"1230_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:4(440)","volume":"133","author":"B Bhattacharya","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bhattacharya B, Price R, Solomatin DP (2007) Machine learning approach to modeling sedimentationtransport. J Hydraul Eng 133(4):440\u2013450","journal-title":"J Hydraul Eng"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-012-1230-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-012-1230-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-012-1230-9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T02:14:48Z","timestamp":1559096088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-012-1230-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,30]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-012-1230-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,30]]}}}