{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:26:08Z","timestamp":1760646368651},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,13]],"date-time":"2015-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"RTC PSU Riyadh KSA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput &amp; Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-015-2001-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]],"date-time":"2015-08-12T03:06:02Z","timestamp":1439348762000},"page":"1797-1804","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Online versus offline Arabic script classification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Tanzila","family":"Saba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz S.","family":"Almazyad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amjad","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2001_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelazeem S, Eraqi H (2011) On-line Arabic handwritten personal names recognition system based on HMM. In: Proceedings of ICDAR 2011, pp 1304\u20131308","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2011.262"},{"issue":"6","key":"2001_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1109\/34.295912","volume":"16","author":"ISI Abuhaiba","year":"1994","unstructured":"Abuhaiba ISI, Mahmoud SA, Green RJ (1994) Recognition of handwritten cursive Arabic characters. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 16(6):664\u2013672","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"2001_CR3","unstructured":"Alimi A, Ghorbel O (1995) The analysis of error in an online recognition system of Arabic handwritten characters. In: Proceedings of ICDAR, 14\u201316 August, Montreal, pp 890\u2013893"},{"issue":"1997","key":"2001_CR4","first-page":"1397","volume":"3","author":"AM Alimi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Alimi AM (1997) A neuro-fuzzy approach to recognize Arabic handwritten characters. IEEE Int Conf Neural Netw 3(1997):1397\u20131400","journal-title":"IEEE Int Conf Neural Netw"},{"issue":"12","key":"2001_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(90)90078-Y","volume":"23","author":"T Al-Sheikh","year":"1990","unstructured":"Al-Sheikh T, El-Taweel S (1990) Real-time arabic handwritten character recognition. Pattern Recognit 23(12):1323\u20131332","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"issue":"2","key":"2001_CR6","first-page":"107","volume":"2","author":"AT Al-Taani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Al-Taani AT (2005) An efficient feature extraction algorithm for the recognition of handwritten Arabic digits. Int J Comput Intell 2(2):107\u2013111","journal-title":"Int J Comput Intell"},{"key":"2001_CR7","unstructured":"Amin A, Masini G, Haton J (1984) Recognition of handwritten Arabic words and sentences. In: Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on pattern recognition, Montr\u00e9al, October 1984, pp 1055\u20131057"},{"issue":"7","key":"2001_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001411008956","volume":"25","author":"F Biadsy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Biadsy F, Saabni R, EL-Sana J (2011) Segmentation-free online Arabic handwriting recognition. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 25(7):1009\u20131033","journal-title":"Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell"},{"key":"2001_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bullock D, Grossberg S, Mannes C (1993) A neural network model for cursive script production. In: Presented at biological cybernetics, 1993, pp 15\u201328","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00202562"},{"key":"2001_CR10","unstructured":"Lin C, Suen CY (2008) A new benchmark on the recognition of handwritten Bangla and Farsi numeral characters. In: ICFHR, 2008, Montreal, August 2008, pp 278\u2013283"},{"issue":"5","key":"2001_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(00)00051-0","volume":"34","author":"M Dehghan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dehghan M, Faez K, Ahmadi M, Shridhar M (2001) Handwritten Farsi (Arabic) word recognition: a holistic approach using discrete HMM. Pattern Recognit 34(5):1057\u20131065","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"2001_CR12","unstructured":"El-Abed H, M\u00e4rgner V, Kherallah M, Alimi AM (2009) ICDAR 2009 online Arabic handwriting recognition competition. In: ICDAR, 2009 10th international conference on document analysis and recognition, 2009, pp 1388\u20131392"},{"key":"2001_CR13","unstructured":"Elanwar RI, Rashwan MA, Mashali SA (2007) Simultaneous segmentation and recognition of Arabic characters in an unconstrained online cursive handwritten document. In: World academy of science, engineering and technology, vol 29, pp 288\u2013291"},{"issue":"2","key":"2001_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(89)90058-7","volume":"22","author":"MS El-Wakil","year":"1989","unstructured":"El-Wakil MS, Shoukry AA (1989) On-line recognition of handwritten Arabic character recognition. Pattern Recognit 22(2):97\u2013105","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"2001_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eraqi H, Abdelazeem S (2011) An on-line Arabic handwriting recognition system based on a new on-line graphemes segmentation technique. In: Proceedings of ICDAR 2011, pp 409\u2013413","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2011.90"},{"key":"2001_CR16","unstructured":"Farah N, Khadir T, Sellami M (2005) Artificial neural network fusion: application to Arabic words recognition. In: European symposium on artificial neural networks ESANN, 27\u201329 April 2005, Bruges. ISBN: 2-930307-056"},{"key":"2001_CR17","unstructured":"Halavati R, Souraki SB, Soleymani M (2005) Persian online handwriting recognition using fuzzy modeling. In: Published in IFSA\u201905, Beijing, July 2005, pp 232\u2013236"},{"key":"2001_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13319-013-0002-3","author":"K Neamah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neamah K, Mohamad D, Saba T, Rehman A (2014) Discriminative features mining for offline handwritten signature verification. 3D Res. doi: 10.1007\/s13319-013-0002-3","journal-title":"3D Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2001_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2008.05.010","volume":"22","author":"M Kherallah","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kherallah M, Bouri F, Alimi AM (2009) Online Arabic handwriting recognition system based on visual encoding and genetic algorithm. Eng Appl Artif Intell 22(1):153\u2013170","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intell"},{"key":"2001_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koerich AL, Kalva PR (2005) Unconstrained handwritten character recognition using metaclasses of characters. In: IEEE international conference on image processing, Genova, vol 2, pp 542\u2013545","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2005.1530112"},{"key":"2001_CR21","unstructured":"Li H (2002) Data driven design of an ANN\/HMM system for online unconstrained handwritten character recognition. In: Proceedings of the 4th IEEE international conference on multimodal interfaces, October 14\u201316, 2002. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, p 149"},{"issue":"7","key":"2001_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2006.12.002","volume":"28","author":"Y Ma","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ma Y, Leedham G (2007) Online recognition of handwritten Renqun shorthand for fast mobile Chinese text entry. Pattern Recognit Lett 28(7):873\u2013883","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Lett"},{"key":"2001_CR23","unstructured":"M\u00e4rgner V, El Abed H (2007) ICDAR 2007 Arabic handwriting recognition competition. In: 9th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR), vol 2, pp 1274\u20131278"},{"key":"2001_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e4rgner V, Pechwitz M, El Abed H (2005) ICDAR 2005 Arabic handwriting recognition competition. In: 8th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR), vol 1, pp 70\u201374","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2005.52"},{"key":"2001_CR25","unstructured":"Mezghani N, Cheriet M, Mitiche A (2003) Combination of pruned kohonen maps for online Arabic characters recognition. In: ICDAR03 vol 2, Edinburgh, Scotland, August 2003, pp 900\u2013905"},{"key":"2001_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Njah S, Bezine H, Alimi AM (2010) A new encoding system: application to on-line Arabic handwriting. In: Proceedings of ICFHR 2010, pp 451\u2013456","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR.2010.77"},{"issue":"9","key":"2001_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2011.607009","volume":"25","author":"A Rehman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rehman A, Saba T (2011) Document skew estimation and correction: analysis of techniques, common problems and possible solutions. Appl Artif Intell 25(9):769\u2013787","journal-title":"Appl Artif Intell"},{"issue":"4","key":"2001_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-011-9229-7","volume":"37","author":"A Rehman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rehman A, Saba T (2012) Off-line cursive script recognition: current advances, comparisons and remaining problems. Artif Intell Rev 37(4):261\u2013268. doi: 10.1007\/s10462-011-9229-7","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2001_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-012-9337-z","volume":"42","author":"A Rehman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rehman A, Saba T (2014) Neural network for document image pre-processing: state of the art. Artif Intell Rev 42(2):253\u2013273. doi: 10.1007\/s10462-012-9337-z","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"key":"2001_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rehman A Mohammad D, Sulong G, Saba T (2009) Simple and effective techniques for core-region detection and slant correction in offline script recognition. In: IEEE international conference on signal and image processing applications (ICSIPA), pp 15\u201320. doi: 10.1109\/ICSIPA.2009.5478628","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSIPA.2009.5478628"},{"key":"2001_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-014-1618-9","volume":"25","author":"T Saba","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saba T, Rehman A, Altameem A, Uddin M (2014) Annotated comparisons of proposed precessing techniques for script recognition. Neural Comput Appl 25:1337\u20131347. doi: 10.1007\/s00521-014-1618-9","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"2001_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-011-9271-5.pp45-54","author":"T Saba","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saba T, Rehman A, Elarbi-Boudihir M (2011) Methods and strategies on off-line cursive touched characters segmentation: a directional review. Artif Intell Rev. doi: 10.1007\/s10462-011-9271-5.pp45-54","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"key":"2001_CR33","unstructured":"Starner T, Makhoul J, Schwartz R, Chou G (1994) Online cursive handwriting recognition using speech recognition methods. In: 1994 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech, and signal processing. ICASSP-94, 19\u201322 April 1994, vol 5, pp\u00a0V\/125\u2013V\/128"},{"key":"2001_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sternby J, Morwing J, Andersson J, Friberg C (2009) Online Arabic handwriting recognition with templates. Pattern Recognit 42(12):3278\u20133286. doi: 10.1016\/j.patcog.2008.12.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2008.12.017"},{"key":"2001_CR35","first-page":"178","volume-title":"Fundamentals of handwriting recognition","author":"HL Teulings","year":"1994","unstructured":"Teulings HL (1994) Invariant handwriting features useful in cursive script recognition. In: Impedovo S (ed) Fundamentals of handwriting recognition. Springer, Berlin, pp 178\u2013189"},{"issue":"9","key":"2001_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(01)00046-0","volume":"22","author":"B Verma","year":"2001","unstructured":"Verma B, Gander PD, Chen W (2001) Fusion of multiple handwritten word recognition techniques. Pattern Recognit Lett 22(9):991\u2013998","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Lett"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-015-2001-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-015-2001-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-015-2001-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T22:21:23Z","timestamp":1559082083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-015-2001-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,13]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-015-2001-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,13]]}}}