{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T19:30:10Z","timestamp":1770838210164,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,4]],"date-time":"2016-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457049600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Engineering Research Council of the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","award":["0921480066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0921480066"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput &amp; Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-016-2234-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,4]],"date-time":"2016-03-04T02:26:24Z","timestamp":1457058384000},"page":"3259-3272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Facilitating motor imagery-based brain\u2013computer interface for stroke patients using passive movement"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Mahnaz","family":"Arvaneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuntai","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai Keng","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomas E.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen S. G.","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher Wee Keong","family":"Kuah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gopal Joseph","family":"Ephraim Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kok Soon","family":"Phua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanchu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2234_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.11.002","volume":"117","author":"N Birbaumer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Birbaumer N (2006) Brain\u2013computer-interface research: coming of age. Clin Neurophysiol 117:479\u2013483","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2234_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00057-3","volume":"113","author":"JR Wolpaw","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wolpaw JR, Birbaumer N, McFarland DJ, Pfurtscheller G, Vaughan TM (2002) Brain\u2013computer interfaces for communication and control. Clin Neurophysiol 113:767\u2013791","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2234_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-012-1074-3","volume":"23","author":"A Ahangi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahangi A, Karamnejad M, Mohammadi N, Ebrahimpour R, Bagheri N (2013) Multiple classifier system for EEG signal classification with application to brain\u2013computer interfaces. Neural Comput Appl 23(5):1319\u20131327","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"issue":"7","key":"2234_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-012-1244-3","volume":"21","author":"S Hu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hu S, Tian Q, Cao Y, Zhang J, Kong W (2012) Motor imagery classification based on joint regression model and spectral power. Neural Comput Appl 21(7):1\u20136. doi:\n                        10.1007\/s00521-012-1244-3","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"2234_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/155005941104200411","volume":"42","author":"KK Ang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ang KK, Guan C, Chua KSG, Ang TB, Kuah CWK, Wang C, Phua KS, Chin ZY, Zhang H (2011) A large clinical study on the ability of stroke patients to use EEG-based motor imagery brain\u2013computer interface. Clin EEG Neurosci 42:253\u2013258","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"key":"2234_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2008.432","volume":"41","author":"G Pfurtscheller","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pfurtscheller G, Muller-Putz GR, Scherer R, Neuper C (2008) Rehabilitation with brain\u2013computer interface systems. Computer 41:58\u201365","journal-title":"Computer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2234_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-7-60","volume":"7","author":"G Prasad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Prasad G, Herman P, Coyle D, McDonough S, Crosbie J (2010) Applying a brain\u2013computer interface to support motor imagery practice in people with stroke for upper limb recovery: a feasibility study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 7(1):60","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"2234_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.08.326","volume":"87","author":"AJ Butler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Butler AJ, Page SJ (2006) Mental practice with motor imagery: evidence for motor recovery and cortical reorganization after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87:2\u201311","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2234_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000226902.43357.fc","volume":"37","author":"N Sharma","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sharma N, Pomeroy VM, Baron J-C (2006) Motor imagery: a backdoor to the motor system after stroke? Stroke 37:1941\u20131952","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2234_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0020","volume":"39","author":"S Vries","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vries S, Mulder T (2007) Motor imagery and stroke rehabilitation: a critical discussion. J Rehabil Med 39:5\u201313","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2234_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/3\/1\/R02","volume":"3","author":"P Shenoy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shenoy P, Krauledat M, Blankertz B, Rao RPN, M\u00fcller K-R (2006) Towards adaptive classification for BCI. J Neural Eng 3:13\u201323","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"2234_CR12","first-page":"753","volume":"19","author":"M Krauledat","year":"2007","unstructured":"Krauledat M, Schroder M, Blankertz B, Muller K (2007) Reducing calibration time for brain\u2013computer interfaces: a clustering approach. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 19:753\u2013760","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"issue":"8","key":"2234_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002967","volume":"3","author":"M Krauledat","year":"2008","unstructured":"Krauledat M, Tangermann M, Blankertz B, Muller K (2008) Towards zero training for brain\u2013computer interfacing. PLoS One 3(8):2967","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2234_CR14","unstructured":"Arvaneh M, Guan C, Ang KK, Quek C (2012) Omitting the intrasession calibration in EEG-based brain\u2013computer interface used for stroke rehabilitation. In: 34th annual conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society, pp 4124\u20134127"},{"key":"2234_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2009.06.003","volume":"22","author":"S Fazli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fazli S, Popescu F, Danoczy M, Blankertz B, Muller K, Grozea C (2009) Subject independent mental state classification in single trials. Neural Netw 22:1305\u20131312","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"2234_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvaneh M, Robertson I, Ward TE (2014) Subject-to-subject adaptation to reduce calibration time in motor imagery-based brain\u2013computer interface. In: 36th annual conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society, pp 6501\u20136504","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2014.6945117"},{"issue":"3","key":"2234_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00089","volume":"23","author":"C Vidaurre","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vidaurre C, Sannelli C, M\u00fcller K-R, Blankertz B (2011) Machine-learning-based coadaptive calibration for brain\u2013computer interfaces. Neural Comput 23(3):791\u2013816","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"issue":"9","key":"2234_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2008.01.030","volume":"29","author":"Y Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li Y, Guan C, Li H, Chin Z (2008) A self-training semisupervised SVM algorithm and its application in an EEG-based brain\u2013computer interface speller system. Pattern Recogn Lett 29(9):1285\u20131294","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"2234_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.888836","volume":"54","author":"C Vidaurre","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vidaurre C, Schl\u00f6gl A, Cabeza R, Scherer R, Pfurtscheller G (2007) Study of on-line adaptive discriminant analysis for EEG-based brain\u2013computer interfaces. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 54:550\u2013556","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2234_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satti A, Guan C, Prasad G, Coyle D (2010) A covariate shift minimisation method to alleviate non-stationarity effects for an adaptive brain\u2013computer interface. In: 20th international conference on pattern recognition, pp 105\u2013108","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2010.34"},{"issue":"2","key":"2234_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025002","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/2\/025002","volume":"8","author":"DJ Krusienski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krusienski DJ, Grosse-Wentrup M, Gal\u00e1n F, Coyle D, Miller KJ, Forney E, Anderson CW (2011) Critical issues in state-of-the-art brain\u2013computer interface signal processing. J Neural Eng 8(2):025002","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"2234_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00889-6","volume":"239","author":"G Pfurtscheller","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pfurtscheller G, Neuper C (1997) Motor imagery activates primary sensorimotor area in humans. Neurosci Lett 239:65\u201368","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2234_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00825-X","volume":"331","author":"M Alegre","year":"2002","unstructured":"Alegre M, Labarga A, Gurtubay IG, Iriarte J, Malanda A, Artieda J (2002) Beta electroencephalograph changes during passive movements: sensory afferences contribute to beta event-related desynchronization in humans. Neurosci Lett 331:29\u201332","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2234_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2011.00086","volume":"5","author":"V Kaiser","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaiser V, Kreilinger A, M\u00fcller-Putz GR, Neuper C (2011) First steps towards a motor imagery based stroke BCI: new strategy to set up a classifier. Front Neurosci 5:1\u201310","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2234_CR25","volume-title":"Restoration of motor function in the stroke patient","author":"M Johnstone","year":"1983","unstructured":"Johnstone M (1983) Restoration of motor function in the stroke patient. Churchill Livingstone, London"},{"key":"2234_CR26","unstructured":"Ang KK, Guan C, Chua KSG, Phua KS, Wang C, Chin ZY, Zhou L, Yin K, Tang C, Ephraim GJ, Kuah CWK (2013) A clinical study of motor imagery BCI performance in stroke by including calibration data from passive movement. In: 35th annual conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society, pp 6603\u20136606"},{"issue":"8","key":"2234_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00474","volume":"25","author":"M Arvaneh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arvaneh M, Guan C, Ang KK, Quek C (2013) EEG data space adaptation to reduce inter-session non-stationarity in brain\u2013computer interface. Neural Comput 25(8):2146\u20132171","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"2234_CR28","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"KK Ang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ang KK, Chin ZY, Wang C, Guan C (2012) Filter bank common spatial pattern algorithm on BCI competition IV datasets 2a and 2b. Front Neurosci 6:1\u20139","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2234_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2008.4408441","volume":"25","author":"B Blankertz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blankertz B, Tomioka R, Lemm S, Kawanabe M, M\u00fcller KR (2008) Optimizing spatial filters for robust EEG single-trial analysis. IEEE Signal Process Mag 25:41\u201356","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Mag"},{"issue":"6","key":"2234_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2011.04.018","volume":"45","author":"KK Ang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ang KK, Chin ZY, Zhang H, Guan C (2011) Mutual information-based selection of optimal spatial\u2013temporal patterns for single-trial EEG-based BCIs. Pattern Recogn 45(6):2137\u20132144","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"55","key":"2234_CR31","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"M Tangermann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tangermann M, M\u00fcller KR, Aertsen A, Birbaumer N, Braun C, Brunner C et al (2012) Review of the BCI competition IV. Front Neurosci 6(55):1\u201331","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2234_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1109\/86.895946","volume":"8","author":"H Ramoser","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ramoser H, M\u00fcller-Gerking J, Pfurtscheller G (2000) Optimal spatial filtering of single trial EEG during imagined hand movement. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng 8:441\u20136","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng"},{"issue":"21","key":"2234_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.103.214101","volume":"103","author":"P Bunau von","year":"2009","unstructured":"von Bunau P, Meinecke FC, Kiraly FC, M\u00fcller K-R (2009) Finding stationary subspaces in multivariate time series. Phys Rev Lett 103(21):214101","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"2234_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2007.903913","volume":"15","author":"O Lambercy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lambercy O, Dovat L, Gassert R, Burdet E, Chee Leong T, Milner T (2007) A Haptic knob for rehabilitation of hand function. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 15(3):356\u2013366","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"2234_CR35","unstructured":"Ang KK, Guan C, Chua KSG, Ang BT, Kuah CWK, Wang C, Phua KS, Chin ZY, Zhang H (2009) A clinical study of motor imagery-based brain\u2013computer interface for upper limb robotic rehabilitation. In: 31st annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society, pp 5981\u20135984"},{"key":"2234_CR36","unstructured":"Bartz D, M\u00fcller KR (2014) Covariance shrinkage for autocorrelated data. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 1592\u20131600"},{"key":"2234_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(93)90110-H","volume":"86","author":"S Makeig","year":"1993","unstructured":"Makeig S (1993) Event-related dynamics of the EEG spectrum and effects of exposure to tones. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 86:283\u2013293","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2234_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","unstructured":"Delorme A, Makeig S (2004) EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J Neurosci Methods 134(1):9\u201321","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2234_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22653","volume":"36","author":"F Gal\u00e1n","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gal\u00e1n F, Baker MR, Alter K, Baker SN (2015) Degraded EEG decoding of wrist movements in absence of kinaesthetic feedback. Hum Brain Map 36(2):643\u2013654","journal-title":"Hum Brain Map"},{"issue":"2","key":"2234_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001267","volume":"10","author":"R Kaplan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaplan R, Doeller CF, Barnes GR, Litvak V, D\u00fczel E, Bandettini PA, Burgess N (2012) Movement-related theta rhythm in humans: coordinating self-directed hippocampal learning. PLoS Biol 10(2):1\u201313","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-016-2234-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-016-2234-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-016-2234-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-016-2234-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]],"date-time":"2019-03-26T19:15:05Z","timestamp":1553627705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-016-2234-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,4]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-016-2234-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,4]]}}}