{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:42:28Z","timestamp":1792532548334,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]],"date-time":"2016-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481241600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput & Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-016-2758-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]],"date-time":"2016-12-09T07:54:10Z","timestamp":1481270050000},"page":"1211-1223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Representation learning with deep extreme learning machines for efficient image set classification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Uzair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Shafait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Ghanem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajmal","family":"Mian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2758_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1561\/2200000006","volume":"2","author":"Y Bengio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bengio Y (2009) Learning deep architectures for AI. Found Trends Mach Learn 2(1):1\u2013127","journal-title":"Found Trends Mach Learn"},{"issue":"8","key":"2758_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2013.50","volume":"35","author":"Y Bengio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bengio Y, Courville A, Vincent P (2013) Representation learning: a review and new perspectives. IEEE Trans PAMI 35(8):1798\u20131828","journal-title":"IEEE Trans PAMI"},{"key":"2758_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cevikalp H, Triggs B (2010) Face recognition based on image sets. In: CVPR, pp 2567\u20132573","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2010.5539965"},{"key":"2758_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen S, Sanderson C, Harandi MT, Lovell BC (2013) Improved image set classification via joint sparse approximated nearest subspaces. In: CVPR, pp. 452\u2013459","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.65"},{"key":"2758_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2013.12.004","volume":"135","author":"Z Cui","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cui Z, Chang H, Shan S, Ma B, Chen X (2014) Joint sparse representation for video-based face recognition. Neurocomputing 135:306\u2013312","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"2758_CR6","first-page":"131","volume":"188","author":"JX Du","year":"2015","unstructured":"Du JX, Shao MW, Zhai CM, Wang J, Tang Y, Chen CLP (2015) Recognition of leaf image set based on manifoldmanifold distance. Neurocomputing 188:131\u2013138","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"2758_CR7","unstructured":"Gross R, Shi J (2001) The cmu motion of body database. Tech. Rep. CMU-RI-TR-01-18, Robotics Institute"},{"issue":"2","key":"2758_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-015-1907-y","volume":"27","author":"B Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han B, He B, Sun T, Yan T, Ma M, Shen Y, Lendasse A (2016) HSR: $$l_{1\/2}$$ l 1 \/ 2 -regularized sparse representation for fast face recognition using hierarchical feature selection. Neural Comput Appl 27(2):305\u2013320","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"2758_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harandi M, Salzmannl M, Baktashmotlagh M (2015) Beyond gauss: image-set matching on the riemannian manifold of pdfs. In: ICCV","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.468"},{"key":"2758_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harandi M, Sanderson C, Shirazi S, Lovell B (2011) Graph-embedding discriminant analysis on grassmannian manifolds for improved image set matching. In: CVPR, pp 2705\u20132712","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995564"},{"key":"2758_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harandi MT, Salzmann M, Hartley R (2014) From manifold to manifold: geometry-aware dimensionality reduction for SPD matrices. In: ECCV, pp 17\u201332","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10605-2_2"},{"key":"2758_CR12","unstructured":"Hayat M, Bennamoun M, An S (2014) Learning nonlinear reconstruction models for image set classification. In: CVPR, pp 1915\u20131922"},{"issue":"10","key":"2758_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.283","volume":"34","author":"Y Hu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hu Y, Mian A, Owens R (2012) Face recognition using sparse approximated nearest points between image sets. IEEE Trans PAMI 34(10):1992\u20132004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans PAMI"},{"issue":"3","key":"2758_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-015-9333-0","volume":"7","author":"G Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang G (2015) What are extreme learning machines? Filling the gap between Frank Rosenblatt\u2019s dream and John von Neumann\u2019s puzzle. Cognit Comput 7(3):263\u2013278","journal-title":"Cognit Comput"},{"issue":"4","key":"2758_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2006.875977","volume":"17","author":"GB Huang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huang GB, Chen L, Siew CK (2006) Universal approximation using incremental constructive feedforward networks with random hidden nodes. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 17(4):879\u2013892","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw"},{"issue":"2","key":"2758_CR16","first-page":"513","volume":"42","author":"GB Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang GB, Zhou H, Ding X, Zhang R (2012) Extreme learning machine for regression and multiclass classification. IEEE Trans SMC Part B 42(2):513\u2013529","journal-title":"IEEE Trans SMC Part B"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2758_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2005.12.126","volume":"70","author":"GB Huang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huang GB, Zhu QY, Siew CK (2006) Extreme learning machine: theory and applications. Neurocomputing 70(1\u20133):489\u2013501","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"2758_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Z, Wang R, Shan S, Chen X (2015) Projection metric learning on Grassmann manifold with application to video based face recognition. In: CVPR, pp 140\u2013149","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298609"},{"key":"2758_CR19","unstructured":"Huang Z, Wang R, Shan S, Li X, Chen X (2015) Log-euclidean metric learning on symmetric positive definite manifold with application to image set classification. In: ICML"},{"key":"2758_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson W, Lindenstrauss J (1984) Extensions of Lipschitz mappings into a Hilbert space. Conference in modern analysis and probability 26:189\u2013206","DOI":"10.1090\/conm\/026\/737400"},{"issue":"6","key":"2758_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2013.140","volume":"28","author":"LLC Kasun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kasun LLC, Zhou H, Huang GB (2013) Representational learning with ELMs for big data. IEEE Intell Syst 28(6):30\u201359","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Syst"},{"issue":"6","key":"2758_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.1037","volume":"29","author":"TK Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim TK, Kittler J, Cipolla R (2007) Discriminative learning and recognition of image set classes using canonical correlations. IEEE Trans PAMI 29(6):1005\u20131018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans PAMI"},{"key":"2758_CR23","unstructured":"Kim M, Kumar S, Pavlovic V, Rowley H (2008) Face tracking and recognition with visual constraints in real-world videos. In: CVPR, pp 1\u20138"},{"issue":"3","key":"2758_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-012-0946-x","volume":"22","author":"Y Lan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lan Y, Hu Z, Soh YC, Huang GB (2013) An extreme learning machine approach for speaker recognition. Neural Comput Appl 22(3):417\u2013425","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"2758_CR25","unstructured":"Lee KC, Ho J, Yang MH, Kriegman D (2003) Video-based face recognition using probabilistic appearance manifolds. In: CVPR, pp I313\u2013I320"},{"key":"2758_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leibe B, Schiele B (2003) Analyzing appearance and contour based methods for object categorization. In: CVPR, pp 409\u2013415","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2003.1211497"},{"issue":"3","key":"2758_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-012-0858-9","volume":"22","author":"B Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li B, Li Y, Rong X (2013) The extreme learning machine learning algorithm with tunable activation function. Neural Comput Appl 22(3):531\u2013539","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"issue":"99","key":"2758_CR28","first-page":"1","volume":"PP","author":"L Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu L, Zhang L, Liu H, Yan S (2014) Towards large-population face identification in unconstrained videos. IEEE Trans CSVT PP(99):1\u20131","journal-title":"IEEE Trans CSVT"},{"issue":"1","key":"2758_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2014.2335212","volume":"26","author":"X Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu X, Lin S, Fang J, Xu Z (2015) Is extreme learning machine feasible? a theoretical assessment (part i). IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 26(1):7\u201320","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"key":"2758_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu J, Wang G, Deng W, Moulin P (2014) Simultaneous feature and dictionary learning for image set based face recognition. In: ECCV, pp 265\u2013280","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10590-1_18"},{"key":"2758_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu J, Wang G, Deng W, Moulin P, Zhou J (2015) Multi-manifold deep metric learning for image set classification. In: CVPR, pp 1137\u20131145","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298717"},{"key":"2758_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu J, Wang G, Moulin P (2013) Image set classification using holistic multiple order statistics features and localized multi-kernel metric learning. In: ICCV, pp 329\u2013336","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.48"},{"key":"2758_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmood A, Mian A, Owens R (2014) Semi-supervised spectral clustering for image set classification. In: CVPR, pp 121\u2013128","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.23"},{"key":"2758_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5252","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2013.2282996","volume":"22","author":"A Mian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mian A, Hu Y, Hartley R, Owens R (2013) Image set based face recognition using self-regularized non-negative coding and adaptive distance metric learning. IEEE Trans Image Process 22:5252\u20135262","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"issue":"3","key":"2758_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-012-0892-7","volume":"22","author":"R Nian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nian R, He B, Lendasse A (2013) 3D object recognition based on a geometrical topology model and extreme learning machine. Neural Comput Appl 22(3):427\u2013433","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"2758_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-007-0075-7","volume":"77","author":"D Ross","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ross D, Lim J, Lin R, Yang M (2008) Incremental learning for robust visual tracking. Int J Comput Vis 77:125\u2013141","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"key":"2758_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uzair M, Mahmood A, Mian A, McDonald C (2013) A compact discriminative representation for efficient image-set classification with application to biometric recognition. In: International conference on biometrics, pp 1\u20138","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB.2013.6612959"},{"issue":"Part B","key":"2758_CR38","first-page":"854","volume":"149","author":"M Uzair","year":"2014","unstructured":"Uzair M, Mahmood A, Mian A, McDonald C (2014) Periocular region-based person identification in the visible, infrared and hyperspectral imagery. Neurocomputing 149(Part B):854\u2013867","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"2758_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000013087.49260.fb","volume":"57","author":"P Viola","year":"2004","unstructured":"Viola P, Jones M (2004) Robust real-time face detection. Int J Comput Vis 57:137\u2013154","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2758_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-015-1874-3","volume":"27","author":"GG Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang GG, Lu M, Dong YQ, Zhao XJ (2016) Self-adaptive extreme learning machine. Neural Comput Appl 27(2):291\u2013303","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"2758_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang R, Chen X (2009) Manifold discriminant analysis. In: CVPR, pp 429\u2013436","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206850"},{"key":"2758_CR42","unstructured":"Wang R, Guo H, Davis L, Dai Q (2012) Covariance discriminative learning: a natural and efficient approach to image set classification. In: CVPR, pp 2496\u20132503"},{"key":"2758_CR43","unstructured":"Wang R, Shan S, Chen X, Gao W (2008) Manifold-manifold distance with application to face recognition based on image set. In: CVPR, pp 1\u20138"},{"key":"2758_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang W, Wang R, Huang Z, Shan S, Chen X (2015) Discriminant analysis on Riemannian manifold of Gaussian distributions for face recognition with image sets. In: CVPR","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298816"},{"issue":"2","key":"2758_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-014-1818-3","volume":"27","author":"L Xie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xie L, Lu C, Mei Y, Du H, Man Z (2016) An optimal method for data clustering. Neural Comput Appl 27(2):283\u2013289","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"2758_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu P, Zhang L, Zuo W, Zhang D (2013) From point to set: extend the learning of distance metrics. In: ICCV, pp 2664\u20132671","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.331"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-016-2758-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-016-2758-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-016-2758-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T10:41:39Z","timestamp":1568630499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-016-2758-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-016-2758-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]]}}}