{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T14:54:38Z","timestamp":1771340078621,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]],"date-time":"2017-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput & Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-017-3120-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]],"date-time":"2017-06-30T11:40:35Z","timestamp":1498822835000},"page":"909-921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Incorporating a machine learning technique to improve open-channel flow computations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Hamed","family":"Farhadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdolreza","family":"Zahiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. Reza","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kazem","family":"Esmaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"3120_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:10(1412)","volume":"110","author":"DW Knight","year":"1984","unstructured":"Knight DW, Hamed ME (1984) Boundary shear in symmetrical compound channels. J Hydraul Eng 110(10):1412\u20131430","journal-title":"J Hydraul Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"3120_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1985)111:2(357)","volume":"111","author":"PR Wormleaton","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wormleaton PR, Hadjipanos P (1985) Flow distribution in compound channels. J Hydraul Eng 111(2):357\u2013361","journal-title":"J Hydraul Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"3120_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:3(182)","volume":"123","author":"R Myers","year":"1997","unstructured":"Myers R, Lyness J (1997) Discharge ratios in smooth and rough compound channels. J Hydraul Eng 123(3):182\u2013188","journal-title":"J Hydraul Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"3120_CR4","first-page":"645","volume":"91","author":"L Martin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Martin L, Myers W (1991) Measurement of overbank flow in a compound river channel. ICE Proc 91(4):645\u2013657","journal-title":"ICE Proc"},{"key":"3120_CR5","unstructured":"Lai S, Bessaih N (2004) Flow in compound channels. In: 1st International conference on managing rivers in the 21st century, Malaysia, pp 275\u2013280"},{"issue":"4","key":"3120_CR6","first-page":"247","volume":"96","author":"P Ackers","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ackers P (1992) Hydraulic design of two-stage channels. Proc ICE-Water Marit Energy 96(4):247\u2013257","journal-title":"Proc ICE-Water Marit Energy"},{"issue":"4","key":"3120_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/00221689309498874","volume":"31","author":"P Ackers","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ackers P (1993) Flow formulae for straight two-stage channels. J Hydraul Res 31(4):509\u2013531","journal-title":"J Hydraul Res"},{"key":"3120_CR8","unstructured":"Shiono K, Knight D (1988) Two-dimensional analytical solution for a compound channel. In: Proceedings of 3rd international symposium on refined flow modelling and turbulence measurements, pp 503\u2013510"},{"key":"3120_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112091001246","volume":"222","author":"K Shiono","year":"1991","unstructured":"Shiono K, Knight DW (1991) Turbulent open-channel flows with variable depth across the channel. J Fluid Mech 222:617\u2013646","journal-title":"J Fluid Mech"},{"issue":"1","key":"3120_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2166\/hydro.2009.033","volume":"11","author":"S Sharifi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sharifi S, Sterling M, Knight DW (2009) A novel application of a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm in open channel flow modelling. J Hydroinform 11(1):31. doi: 10.2166\/hydro.2009.033","journal-title":"J Hydroinform"},{"issue":"2","key":"3120_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2009.10.002","volume":"41","author":"B Unal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Unal B, Mamak M, Seckin G, Cobaner M (2010) Comparison of an ANN approach with 1-D and 2-D methods for estimating discharge capacity of straight compound channels. Adv Eng Softw 41(2):120\u2013129. doi: 10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2009.10.002","journal-title":"Adv Eng Softw"},{"issue":"2","key":"3120_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-012-1247-0","volume":"24","author":"A Zahiri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zahiri A, Azamathulla HM (2012) Comparison between linear genetic programming and M5 tree models to predict flow discharge in compound channels. Neural Comput Appl 24(2):413\u2013420. doi: 10.1007\/s00521-012-1247-0","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"3120_CR13","unstructured":"MacLeod AB (1997) Development of methods to predict the discharge capacity in model and prototype meandering compound channels. University of Glasgow"},{"issue":"2","key":"3120_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1139\/l99-056","volume":"27","author":"W Liu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Liu W, James C (2000) Estimation of discharge capacity in meandering compound channels using artificial neural networks. Can J Civ Eng 27(2):297\u2013308","journal-title":"Can J Civ Eng"},{"key":"3120_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"58","author":"A Zahiri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zahiri A, Dehghani A (2009) Flow discharge determination in straight compound channels using ANN. World Acad Sci Eng Technol 58:1\u20138","journal-title":"World Acad Sci Eng Technol"},{"key":"3120_CR16","unstructured":"Sharifi S (2009) Application of evolutionary computation to open channel flow modelling. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"key":"3120_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.05.065","volume":"454\u2013455","author":"HM Azamathulla","year":"2012","unstructured":"Azamathulla HM, Zahiri A (2012) Flow discharge prediction in compound channels using linear genetic programming. J Hydrol 454\u2013455:203\u2013207","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"key":"3120_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dibike YB, Velickov S, Solomatine D, Abbott MB (2001) Model induction with support vector machines: introduction and applications. J Comput Civ Eng","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-3801(2001)15:3(208)"},{"key":"3120_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2166\/hydro.2004.0020","volume":"6","author":"M Bray","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bray M, Han D (2004) Identification of support vector machines for runoff modelling. J Hydroinform 6:265\u2013280","journal-title":"J Hydroinform"},{"issue":"19","key":"3120_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.3923\/jas.2008.3497.3502","volume":"8","author":"S Eslamian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eslamian S, Gohari S, Biabanaki M, Malekian R (2008) Estimation of monthly pan evaporation using artificial neural networks and support vector machines. J Appl Sci 8(19):3497\u20133502","journal-title":"J Appl Sci"},{"issue":"04","key":"3120_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.4236\/eng.2011.34049","volume":"3","author":"P Samui","year":"2011","unstructured":"Samui P (2011) Application of least square support vector machine (LSSVM) for determination of evaporation losses in reservoirs. Engineering 3(04):431","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"3120_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.04.007","volume":"444","author":"H Tabari","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tabari H, Kisi O, Ezani A, Talaee PH (2012) SVM, ANFIS, regression and climate based models for reference evapotranspiration modeling using limited climatic data in a semi-arid highland environment. J Hydrol 444:78\u201389","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3120_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2166\/hydro.2007.027","volume":"9","author":"D Han","year":"2007","unstructured":"Han D, Chan L, Zhu N (2007) Flood forecasting using support vector machines. J Hydroinform 9(4):267\u2013276","journal-title":"J Hydroinform"},{"issue":"1","key":"3120_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2007.08.029","volume":"347","author":"S-T Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen S-T, Yu P-S (2007) Pruning of support vector networks on flood forecasting. J Hydrol 347(1):67\u201378","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3120_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2006.01.021","volume":"328","author":"P-S Yu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yu P-S, Chen S-T, Chang I-F (2006) Support vector regression for real-time flood stage forecasting. J Hydrol 328(3):704\u2013716","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3120_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-016-2193-4","volume":"82","author":"MR Hashemi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hashemi MR, Spaulding ML, Shaw A, Farhadi H, Lewis M (2016) An efficient artificial intelligence model for prediction of tropical storm surge. Nat Hazards 82(1):471\u2013491","journal-title":"Nat Hazards"},{"issue":"5","key":"3120_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000043","volume":"24","author":"M Behzad","year":"2009","unstructured":"Behzad M, Asghari K, Coppola EA Jr (2009) Comparative study of SVMs and ANNs in aquifer water level prediction. J Comput Civ Eng 24(5):408\u2013413","journal-title":"J Comput Civ Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"3120_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.11.002","volume":"396","author":"H Yoon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yoon H, Jun S-C, Hyun Y, Bae G-O, Lee K-K (2011) A comparative study of artificial neural networks and support vector machines for predicting groundwater levels in a coastal aquifer. J Hydrol 396(1):128\u2013138","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"key":"3120_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu J, Chang J-X, Zhang W-G (2009) Groundwater level dynamic prediction based on chaos optimization and support vector machine. In: Genetic and evolutionary computing, 2009. WGEC\u201909. 3rd International Conference on. IEEE, pp 39\u201343","DOI":"10.1109\/WGEC.2009.25"},{"key":"3120_CR30","unstructured":"Liu J, Chang M, Ma X (2009) Groundwater quality assessment based on support vector machine. In: HAIHE river basin research and planning approach-proceedings of 2009 international symposium of HAIHE basin integrated water and environment management, pp 173\u2013178"},{"key":"3120_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auria L, Moro RA (2008) Support vector machines (SVM) as a technique for solvency analysis. German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1424949"},{"key":"3120_CR32","unstructured":"Chow VT (1959) Open-channel hydraulic. McGraw-Hill, New York"},{"key":"3120_CR33","unstructured":"McGahey C, Samuels P (2003) Methodology for conveyance estimation in two-stage straight, skewed and meandering channels. In: Proceedings of the XXX congress of the international association for hydraulic research, pp 33\u201340"},{"issue":"6","key":"3120_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1080\/00221686.2004.9628315","volume":"42","author":"J Abril","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abril J, Knight D (2004) Stage-discharge prediction for rivers in flood applying a depth-averaged model. J Hydraul Res 42(6):616\u2013629","journal-title":"J Hydraul Res"},{"key":"3120_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2440-0","volume-title":"The nature of statistical learning theory","author":"V Vapnik","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vapnik V (1995) The nature of statistical learning theory. Springer, Berlin"},{"issue":"3","key":"3120_CR36","first-page":"273","volume":"20","author":"C Cortes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cortes C, Vapnik V (1995) Support-vector networks. Mach Learn 20(3):273\u2013297","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"3120_CR37","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6lkopf B, Burges C, Vapnik V (1995) Extracting support data for a given task. In: KDD"},{"key":"3120_CR38","unstructured":"Mattera D, Haykin S (1999) Support vector machines for dynamic reconstruction of a chaotic system. In: Advances in kernel methods. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 211\u2013241"},{"issue":"3","key":"3120_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1023\/B:STCO.0000035301.49549.88","volume":"14","author":"AJ Smola","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smola AJ, Sch\u00f6lkopf B (2004) A tutorial on support vector regression. Stat Comput 14(3):199\u2013222","journal-title":"Stat Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"3120_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1145\/1961189.1961199","volume":"2","author":"C-C Chang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chang C-C, Lin C-J (2011) LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol 2(3):27","journal-title":"ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3120_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-6593.1987.tb01212.x","volume":"1","author":"D Knight","year":"1987","unstructured":"Knight D, Sellin R (1987) The SERC flood channel facility. Water Environ J 1(2):198\u2013204","journal-title":"Water Environ J"},{"issue":"6","key":"3120_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1061\/JYCEAJ.0005680","volume":"107","author":"ME Blalock","year":"1981","unstructured":"Blalock ME, Sturm TW (1981) Minimum specific energy in compound open channel. J Hydraul Div 107(6):699\u2013717","journal-title":"J Hydraul Div"},{"issue":"8","key":"3120_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1983)109:8(1073)","volume":"109","author":"DW Knight","year":"1983","unstructured":"Knight DW, Demetriou JD (1983) Flood plain and main channel flow interaction. J Hydraul Eng 109(8):1073\u20131092","journal-title":"J Hydraul Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"3120_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/00221689609498487","volume":"34","author":"M Lambert","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lambert M, Sellin R (1996) Discharge prediction in straight compound channels using the mixing length concept. J Hydraul Res 34(3):381\u2013394","journal-title":"J Hydraul Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3120_CR45","first-page":"84","volume":"130","author":"MF Lambert","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lambert MF, Myers W (1998) Estimating the discharge capacity in straight compound channels. Proc ICE-Water Marit Energy 130(2):84\u201394","journal-title":"Proc ICE-Water Marit Energy"},{"issue":"7","key":"3120_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:7(696)","volume":"125","author":"D Bousmar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bousmar D, Zech Y (1999) Momentum transfer for practical flow computation in compound channels. J Hydraul Eng 125(7):696\u2013706","journal-title":"J Hydraul Eng"},{"key":"3120_CR47","unstructured":"Haidera M, Valentine E (2002) A practical method for predicting the total discharge in mobile and rigid boundary compound channels. In: International conference on fluvial hydraulics, Belgium. pp 153\u2013160"},{"issue":"4","key":"3120_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:4(305)","volume":"130","author":"D Bousmar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bousmar D, Wilkin N, Jacquemart J-H, Zech Y (2004) Overbank flow in symmetrically narrowing floodplains. J Hydraul Eng 130(4):305\u2013312","journal-title":"J Hydraul Eng"},{"key":"3120_CR49","unstructured":"Knight D, Shiono K, Pirt J (1989) Prediction of depth mean velocity and discharge in natural rivers with overbank flow. In: Proceedings of the international conference on hydraulic and environmental modelling of Coastal, Estuarine and River Waters, pp 419\u2013428"},{"key":"3120_CR50","unstructured":"Tarrab L, Weber J (2004) Predicci\u00f3n del coeficiente de mezcla transversal en cauces aturales. Mec\u00e1nica Computacional, XXIII, Asociaci\u00f3n Argentina de Mecanica Computacional, San Carlos de Bariloche, pp 1343\u20131355"},{"key":"3120_CR51","unstructured":"Brunner GW CEIWR-HEC (2010) HEC-RAS river analysis system user\u2019s manual version 4.1. In: Tech. Rep., US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC), CA, USA"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-017-3120-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-017-3120-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-017-3120-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T07:01:06Z","timestamp":1659164466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-017-3120-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["3120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-017-3120-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 May 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}