{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T14:18:40Z","timestamp":1761401920424,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]],"date-time":"2017-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508371200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput &amp; Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-017-3223-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]],"date-time":"2017-10-19T03:18:21Z","timestamp":1508383101000},"page":"2699-2716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A generalized reinforcement learning scheme for random neural networks"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4884-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Lent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"3223_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3432-6_19","volume-title":"Biological and artificial intelligence environments","author":"G Aiello","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aiello G, Gaglio S, Re G, Storniolo P, Urso A (2005) The random neural network model for the on-line multicast problem. In: Apolloni B, Marinaro M, Tagliaferri R (eds) Biological and artificial intelligence environments. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 157\u2013164"},{"issue":"02n03","key":"3223_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001492000266","volume":"06","author":"V Atalay","year":"1992","unstructured":"Atalay V, Gelenbe E (1992) Parallel algorithm for colour texture generation using the random neural network model. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 06(02n03):437\u2013446. doi:\n                    10.1142\/S0218001492000266","journal-title":"Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell"},{"issue":"01","key":"3223_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001492000072","volume":"06","author":"V Atalay","year":"1992","unstructured":"Atalay V, Gelenbe E, Yalabik N (1992) The random neural network model for texture generation. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 06(01):131\u2013141. doi:\n                    10.1142\/S0218001492000072","journal-title":"Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"3223_CR4","first-page":"65","volume":"5","author":"H Bakircioglu","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bakircioglu H, Gelenbe E, Koccak T (1998) Image processing with the random neural network model. Elektrik 5(1):65\u201377","journal-title":"Elektrik"},{"key":"3223_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Basterrech S, Rubino G (2013) A more powerful random neural network model in supervised learning applications. In: 2013 international conference on soft computing and pattern recognition, SoCPaR 2013, Hanoi, Vietnam, December 15\u201318, 2013, pp 201\u2013206. doi:\n                    10.1109\/SOCPAR.2013.7054127","DOI":"10.1109\/SOCPAR.2013.7054127"},{"issue":"1","key":"3223_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxp101","volume":"54","author":"S Basterrech","year":"2011","unstructured":"Basterrech S, Mohammed S, Rubino G, Soliman M (2011) Levenbergmarquardt training algorithms for random neural networks. Comput J 54(1):125\u2013135","journal-title":"Comput J"},{"key":"3223_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bi H, Akinwande O (2015) Multi-path routing in emergency with health-aware classification. In: 2015 2nd international conference on information and communication technologies for disaster management (ICT-DM), pp 109\u2013115. doi:\n                    10.1109\/ICT-DM.2015.7402026","DOI":"10.1109\/ICT-DM.2015.7402026"},{"key":"3223_CR8","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Routing emergency evacuees with cognitive packet networks","author":"H Bi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bi H, Desmet A, Gelenbe E (2013) Routing emergency evacuees with cognitive packet networks. Springer, Cham, pp 295\u2013303"},{"issue":"2","key":"3223_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2007.913919","volume":"38","author":"L Busoniu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Busoniu L, hatska RB, Schutter BD (2008) A comprehensive survey of multiagent reinforcement learning. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern C Appl Rev 38(2):156\u2013172. doi:\n                    10.1109\/TSMCC.2007.913919","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern C Appl Rev"},{"issue":"Complete","key":"3223_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endm.2004.06.010","volume":"18","author":"H Cancela","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cancela H, Robledo F, Rubino G (2004) A grasp algorithm with rnn based local search for designing a wan access network. Electron Notes Discrete Math 18(Complete):59\u201365. doi:\n                    10.1016\/j.endm.2004.06.010","journal-title":"Electron Notes Discrete Math"},{"issue":"10","key":"3223_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1109\/5.537116","volume":"84","author":"C Cramer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cramer C, Gelenbe E, Bakircioglu H (1996) Low bit rate video compression with neural networks and temporal sub-samp ling. Proc IEEE 84(10):1529\u20131543","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"issue":"1","key":"3223_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1109\/45.652854","volume":"17","author":"C Cramer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cramer C, Gelenbe E, Gelenbe P (1998) Image and video compression. IEEE Potentials 17(1):29\u201333","journal-title":"IEEE Potentials"},{"issue":"2","key":"3223_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1109\/49.824788","volume":"18","author":"CE Cramer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cramer CE, Gelenbe E (2000) Video quality and traffic QoS in learning-based subsampled and receiver-interpolated video sequences. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 18(2):150\u2013167","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"3223_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.4.502","volume":"1","author":"E Gelenbe","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gelenbe E (1989) Random neural networks with positive and negative signals and product form solution. Neural Comput 1(4):502\u2013510","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"3223_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1990.2.2.239","volume":"2","author":"E Gelenbe","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gelenbe E (1990) Stability of the random neural network model. Neural Comput 2:239\u2013247","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"3223_CR16","first-page":"339","volume":"313","author":"E Gelenbe","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gelenbe E (1992) Une g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation probabiliste du probleme SAT. Comptes Rendus de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences 309 S\u00e9rie II 313:339\u20133422","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences 309 S\u00e9rie II"},{"issue":"1","key":"3223_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1993.5.1.154","volume":"5","author":"E Gelenbe","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gelenbe E (1993) Learning in the recurrent random neural network. Neural Comput 5(1):154\u2013164. doi:\n                    10.1162\/neco.1993.5.1.154","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"3223_CR18","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Minimum cost graph covering with the random neural network","author":"E Gelenbe","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gelenbe E, Batty F (1992) Minimum cost graph covering with the random neural network. Pergamon, New York, pp 139\u2013147"},{"issue":"1","key":"3223_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/36.823897","volume":"38","author":"E Gelenbe","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gelenbe E, Kocak T (2000) Area-based results for mine detection. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 38(1):12\u201324","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens"},{"issue":"3","key":"3223_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2004.03.009","volume":"2","author":"E Gelenbe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gelenbe E, Lent R (2004) Power-aware ad hoc cognitive packet networks. Ad Hoc Netw J 2(3):205\u2013216","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw J"},{"key":"3223_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelenbe E, Koubi V, Pekergin F (1993) Dynamical random neural network approach to the traveling salesman problem. In: Proceedings of the IEEE symposium on systems, man and cybernetics, pp 630\u2013635","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.1993.384945"},{"key":"3223_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gelenbe E, Feng Y, Ranga K, Krishnan R (1996) Neural networks for volumetric MR imaging of the brain. In: Proceedings of international workshop on neural networks for identification, control, robotics and signal\/image processing, pp 194\u2013202. doi:\n                    10.1109\/NICRSP.1996.542760","DOI":"10.1109\/NICRSP.1996.542760"},{"issue":"2","key":"3223_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1109\/49.552065","volume":"15","author":"E Gelenbe","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gelenbe E, Ghanwani A, Srinivasan V (1997a) Improved neural heuristics for multicast routing. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 15(2):147\u2013155","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"3223_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1109\/49.552065","volume":"15","author":"E Gelenbe","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gelenbe E, Ghanwani A, Srinivasan V (1997b) Improved neural heuristics for multicast routing. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 15(2):147\u2013155. doi:\n                    10.1109\/49.552065","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"3223_CR25","unstructured":"Gelenbe E, Seref E, Xu Z (1999) Towards networks with intelligent packets. In: Proceedings of the fourteenth international symposium on computer and information sciences, pp 1\u201311"},{"key":"3223_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gelenbe E, Hussain KF, Abdelbaki H (2000) Random neural network texture model. doi:\n                    10.1117\/12.382903","DOI":"10.1117\/12.382903"},{"issue":"2,3","key":"3223_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-5316(01)00042-6","volume":"46","author":"E Gelenbe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gelenbe E, Lent R, Xu Z (2001a) Design and performance of cognitive packet networks. Perform Eval 46(2,3):155\u2013176","journal-title":"Perform Eval"},{"issue":"2","key":"3223_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/5.910851","volume":"89","author":"E Gelenbe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gelenbe E, Seref E, Xu Z (2001b) Simulation with learning agents. Proc IEEE 89(2):148\u2013157. doi:\n                    10.1109\/5.910851","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"issue":"92","key":"3223_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2004.832952","volume":"9","author":"E Gelenbe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gelenbe E, Lent R, Nunez A (2004) Self-aware networks and QoS. Proc IEEE 9(92):1478\u20131489","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"3223_CR30","unstructured":"Gelenbe E, Timotheou S, Nicholson D (2010) Random neural network for emergency management. In: Workshop on grand challenges in modeling, simulation and analysis for homeland security (MSAHS\u201910), Washington, DC"},{"issue":"4","key":"3223_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peva.2010.07.006","volume":"68","author":"M Georgiopoulos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Georgiopoulos M, Li C, Kocak T (2011) Learning in the feed-forward random neural network: a critical review. Perform Eval 68(4):361\u2013384","journal-title":"Perform Eval"},{"issue":"6","key":"3223_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1109\/72.329697","volume":"5","author":"MT Hagan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hagan MT, Menhaj MB (1994) Training feedforward networks with the Marquardt algorithm. Trans Neural Netw 5(6):989\u2013993. doi:\n                    10.1109\/72.329697","journal-title":"Trans Neural Netw"},{"issue":"1","key":"3223_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(96)01633-4","volume":"40","author":"U Halici","year":"1997","unstructured":"Halici U (1997) Reinforcement learning in random neural networks for cascaded decisions. Biosystems 40(1):83\u201391. doi:\n                    10.1016\/0303-2647(96)01633-4","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"issue":"36","key":"3223_CR34","first-page":"255","volume":"6","author":"R Lent","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lent R (2007) Linear QoS goals of additive and concave metrics in ad hoc cognitive packet routing. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 6(36):255\u20131260","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern"},{"key":"3223_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loukas G, \u00d6ke G (2007a) A biologically inspired pired denial of service detector using the random neural network. In: IEEE international conference on mobile adhoc and sensor systems, 2007. MASS 2007, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/MOBHOC.2007.4428683"},{"key":"3223_CR36","unstructured":"Loukas G, \u00d6ke G (2007b) Likelihood ratios and recurrent random neural networks in detection of denial of service attacks. In: Proceedings of international symposium of computer and telecommunication systems (SPECTS \u201907), San Diego, CA, USA"},{"key":"3223_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu R, Shen Y (2005) Image segmentation based on random neural network model and gabor filters. In: 2005 IEEE engineering in medicine and biology 27th annual conference, pp 6464\u20136467. doi:\n                    10.1109\/IEMBS.2005.1615979","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2005.1615979"},{"key":"3223_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinelli G, Mascioli FMF, Panella M, Rizzi A (2002) Extended random neural networks. In: Proceedings of the 13th Italian workshop on neural nets-revised papers. WIRN VIETRI 2002. Springer, London, pp 75\u201382. \n                    http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=645961.674072","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45808-5_7"},{"issue":"12","key":"3223_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2002.806808","volume":"12","author":"S Mohamed","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mohamed S, Rubino G (2002) A study of real-time packet video quality using random neural networks. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 12(12):1071\u20131083. doi:\n                    10.1109\/TCSVT.2002.806808","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol"},{"key":"3223_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1974.5408453","volume":"4","author":"KS Narendra","year":"1974","unstructured":"Narendra KS, Member S, Thathachar MAL (1974) Learning automata\u2013a survey. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 4:323\u2013334","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern"},{"issue":"6","key":"3223_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxm066","volume":"50","author":"G \u00d6ke","year":"2007","unstructured":"\u00d6ke G, Loukas G (2007) A denial of service detector based on maximum likelihood detection and the random neural network. Comput J 50(6):717\u2013727","journal-title":"Comput J"},{"key":"3223_CR42","unstructured":"\u00d6ke G, Loukas G, Gelenbe E (2007) Detecting denial of service attacks with bayesian classifiers and the random neural network. In: Fuzzy Systems Conference, 2007. FUZZ-IEEE 2007. IEEE International, pp 1\u20136"},{"key":"3223_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubino G, Tirilly P, Varela M (2006) Evaluating users\u2019 satisfaction in packet networks using random neural networks. In: Kollias SD, Stafylopatis A, Duch W, Oja E (eds) Artificial neural networks \u2013 ICANN 2006. ICANN 2006. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 4131. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg","DOI":"10.1007\/11840817_32"},{"key":"3223_CR44","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence: a modern approach","author":"SJ Russell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Russell SJ, Norvig P (2003) Artificial intelligence: a modern approach, 2nd edn. Pearson Education, London","edition":"2"},{"key":"3223_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44944-9_13","volume-title":"An intelligent internet search assistant based on the random neural network","author":"W Serrano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Serrano W, Gelenbe E (2016) An intelligent internet search assistant based on the random neural network. Springer, Cham, pp 141\u2013153. doi:\n                    10.1007\/978-3-319-44944-9_13"},{"issue":"7","key":"3223_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1109\/32.148477","volume":"18","author":"A Stafylopatis","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stafylopatis A, Likas A (1992) Pictorial information retrieval using the random neural network. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 18(7):590\u2013600. doi:\n                    10.1109\/32.148477","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Softw Eng"},{"key":"3223_CR47","volume-title":"Introduction to reinforcement learning","author":"RS Sutton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sutton RS, Barto AG (1998) Introduction to reinforcement learning, 1st edn. MIT Press, Cambridge","edition":"1"},{"key":"3223_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong Y, Sun D, Wu J (2005) Dynamical random neural network approach to a problem of optimal resource allocation. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on artificial neural networks: computational intelligence and bioinspired systems. IWANN\u201905. Springer, Berlin, pp 1157\u20131163","DOI":"10.1007\/11494669_142"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-017-3223-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-017-3223-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-017-3223-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T14:07:24Z","timestamp":1567001244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-017-3223-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["3223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-017-3223-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0941-0643"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1433-3058"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The author declares that he has no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}