{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T04:34:58Z","timestamp":1777350898561,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]],"date-time":"2018-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput &amp; Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-018-3768-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]],"date-time":"2018-10-19T19:08:49Z","timestamp":1539976129000},"page":"3763-3775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Fuzzy c-means and K-means clustering with genetic algorithm for identification of homogeneous regions of groundwater quality"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3815-6356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omolbani","family":"Mohammadrezapour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ozgur","family":"Kisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fariba","family":"Pourahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"3768_CR1","volume-title":"Trace elements in natural waters","author":"OP Bricker","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bricker OP, Jones BF (1995) Main factors affecting the composition of natural waters. In: Salbu B, Steinnes E (eds) Trace elements in natural waters. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"key":"3768_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-017-3160-z","author":"O Mohammadrezapour","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mohammadrezapour O, Yoosefdoost I, Ebrahimi M (2017) Cuckoo optimization algorithm in optimal water allocation and crop planning under various weather conditions (case study: Qazvin plain, Iran). Neural Comput Appl. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-017-3160-z","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"3768_CR3","volume-title":"Water recreation and disease acute plausibility of associated infections: effects, sequelae and mortality","author":"P Kathy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kathy P (2005) Water recreation and disease acute plausibility of associated infections: effects, sequelae and mortality. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"3768_CR4","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Analytical chemistry of foods","author":"CS James","year":"1999","unstructured":"James CS (1999) Analytical chemistry of foods. Springer, New York, pp 136\u2013140"},{"issue":"11\u201322","key":"3768_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-7065(02)00079-7","volume":"27","author":"LG Palamuleni","year":"2002","unstructured":"Palamuleni LG (2002) Effect of sanitation facilities, domestic solid waste disposal and hygiene practices on water quality in Malawi\u2019s urban poor areas: a case study of South Lunzu Township in the city of Blantyre. Phys Chem Earth 27(11\u201322):845\u2013850","journal-title":"Phys Chem Earth"},{"issue":"15\u201318","key":"3768_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2007.07.050","volume":"32","author":"KWM Msonda","year":"2007","unstructured":"Msonda KWM, Masamba WRL, Fabiano E (2007) A study of fluoride groundwater occurrence in Nathenje, Lilongwe, Malawi. Phys Chem Earth 32(15\u201318):1178\u20131184","journal-title":"Phys Chem Earth"},{"issue":"3","key":"3768_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.05.007","volume":"145","author":"A Farooqi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Farooqi A, Masuda H, Firdous N (2007) Toxic fluoride and arsenic contaminated groundwater in the Lahore and Kasur districts, Punjab, Pakistan and possible contaminant sources. Environ Pollut 145(3):839\u2013849","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"4","key":"3768_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03326043","volume":"5","author":"CC Kaonga","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kaonga CC, Chiotha SS, Monjerezi M, Fabiano E, Henry EM (2008) Levels of cadmium, manganese and lead in water and algae; Spirogyra aequinoctialis. Int J Environ Sci Technol 5(4):471\u2013478","journal-title":"Int J Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"3768_CR9","first-page":"72","volume-title":"Spatial distribution of Cd, Zn and Hg in groundwater at Rayong province","author":"T Makkasap","year":"2010","unstructured":"Makkasap T, Satapanajaru T (2010) Spatial distribution of Cd, Zn and Hg in groundwater at Rayong province. World Academy of Science Engineering and Technology, Istanbul, p 72"},{"key":"3768_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jher.2010.09.002","volume":"5","author":"KD Srinivasa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Srinivasa KD, Nagesh Kumar D (2011) Classification of micro watersheds based on morphological characteristics. Hydro-environ Res 5:101\u2013109","journal-title":"Hydro-environ Res"},{"key":"3768_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-018-3370-z","author":"R Mumtaz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mumtaz R, Baig S, Kazmi SSA et al (2018) Delineation of groundwater prospective resources by exploiting geo-spatial decision-making techniques for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Neural Comput Appl. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-018-3370-z","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"3768_CR12","unstructured":"Rizzo DM, Mouser JM (2000) Evaluation of geostatistics for combined hydrochemistry and microbial community fingerprinting at a waste disposal site. In: Critical transitions in water and environmental resources management. World water and environmental resources congress 2004, pp 1\u201311"},{"key":"3768_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-4120(02)00149-6","volume":"29","author":"A Thapinta","year":"2003","unstructured":"Thapinta A, Hudak P (2003) Use of geographic information systems for assessing groundwater pollution potential by pesticides in Central Thailand. Environ Int J 29:87\u201393","journal-title":"Environ Int J"},{"key":"3768_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10666-006-9040-z","volume":"12","author":"V Pisinaras","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pisinaras V, Petalas C, Tsihrintzis VA, Zagana E (2007) A groundwater flow model for water resources management in the Ismarida plain, North Greece. Environ Model Assess 12:75\u201389","journal-title":"Environ Model Assess"},{"key":"3768_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-006-0084-6","volume":"15","author":"R Rojas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rojas R, Dassargues A (2007) Groundwater flow modelling of the regional aquifer of the Pampa del Tamarugal, northern Chile. Hydrogeol J 15:537\u2013551","journal-title":"Hydrogeol J"},{"key":"3768_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470061190","volume-title":"Advances in fuzzy clustering and its applications","author":"JO Valente","year":"2007","unstructured":"Valente JO, Pedrycz W (2007) Advances in fuzzy clustering and its applications. Wiley, England, p 434"},{"key":"3768_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1982.tb02767.x","volume":"20","author":"R Williiams","year":"1982","unstructured":"Williiams R (1982) Statistical identification of hydraulic connections between the surface of a mountain and internal mineral mineralized zones. Ground Water 20:466\u2013478","journal-title":"Ground Water"},{"key":"3768_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007522519268","volume":"32","author":"IK Farnham","year":"2000","unstructured":"Farnham IK, Stetzenbach A, Singh JK (2000) Deciphering groundwater flow systems in Oasis Valley, Nevada, using trace element geochemistry, multivariate statistics, and geographical information system. Math Geol 32:943\u2013968","journal-title":"Math Geol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3768_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-002-0196-6","volume":"10","author":"C G\u00fcler","year":"2002","unstructured":"G\u00fcler C, Thyne GD, McCray JE, Turner KA (2002) Evaluation of graphical and multivariate statistical methods for classification of water chemistry data. Hydrogeol J 10(4):455\u2013474","journal-title":"Hydrogeol J"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"3768_CR20","first-page":"930","volume":"7","author":"B Hajalilou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hajalilou B, Khaleghi F (2009) Investigation of hydrogeochemical factors and groundwater quality assessment in Marand Municipality, northwest of Iran: a multivariate statistical approach. J Food Agric Environ 7(3\u20134):930\u2013937","journal-title":"J Food Agric Environ"},{"issue":"13","key":"3768_CR21","first-page":"1152","volume":"5","author":"A Edet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Edet A, Nganje Tn AJ, Ukpong AJ, Ekwere AS (2011) Groundwater chemistry and quality of Nigeria: a status review. Afr J Environ Sci Technol 5(13):1152\u20131169","journal-title":"Afr J Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"3768_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W12503","DOI":"10.1029\/2004WR003299","volume":"40","author":"C Guler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Guler C, Thyne GD (2004) Delineation of hydrochemical facies distribution in a regional groundwater system by means of fuzzy c-means clustering. Water Resour Res 40:W12503. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004WR003299","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"key":"3768_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-014-0699-7","volume":"28","author":"MK Goyal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goyal MK, Gupta V (2014) Identification of homogeneous rainfall regimes in northeast region of India using fuzzy cluster analysis. Water Resour Manag 28:4491\u20134511","journal-title":"Water Resour Manag"},{"key":"3768_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X","volume":"8","author":"LA Zadeh","year":"1965","unstructured":"Zadeh LA (1965) Fuzzy sets. Inf Control 8:338\u2013353","journal-title":"Inf Control"},{"key":"3768_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0450-1","volume-title":"Pattern recognition with fuzzy objective algorithms","author":"JC Bezdek","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bezdek JC (1981) Pattern recognition with fuzzy objective algorithms. Plenum Press, New York"},{"key":"3768_CR26","first-page":"114","volume":"1","author":"YC Chang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chang YC, Chang B (2003) Applying fuzzy cluster method for marine environmental monitoring data analysis. Environ Inf Arch 1:114\u2013124","journal-title":"Environ Inf Arch"},{"issue":"4","key":"3768_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2005.07.003","volume":"23","author":"B Tutmez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tutmez B, Hatipoglu Z, Kaymak U (2006) Modelling electrical conductivity of groundwater using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Comput Geosci 23(4):421\u2013433","journal-title":"Comput Geosci"},{"issue":"415","key":"3768_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.11.021","volume":"414","author":"C Guler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guler C, Kurt M, Alpasalan M, Akbulut C  (2012) Assessment of the impact of anthropogenic activities on the groundwater hydrology and chemistry in Tarsus coastal plain (Mersin, SE Turkey) using fuzzy clustering, multivariate statistics and GIS techniques. J Hydrol 414(415):435\u2013451","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3768_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.11648\/j.wros.20130203.12","volume":"2","author":"V Sivasankar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sivasankar V, Kameswari M, Msagati TAM, Venkarapathy M, Senthil Kumar M (2013) Fuzzy set approach\u2014a tool to cluster Holy samples of groundwater quality parameters at Rameswaram South India. J Water Resour Ocean Sci 2(3):33\u201339","journal-title":"J Water Resour Ocean Sci"},{"key":"3768_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.07.004","volume":"72","author":"A Pourjabbar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pourjabbar A, Sarbu C, Kostarelos K, Einax J, Buchel G (2014) Fuzzy hierarchical cross-clustering of data from abandoned mine site contaminated with heavy metals. Comput Geosci 72:122\u2013133","journal-title":"Comput Geosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"3768_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14400","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121114400","volume":"12","author":"H Zou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zou H, Zou Z, Wang X (2015) An enhanced K-means algorithm for water quality analysis of the Haihe River in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12(11):14400\u201314413","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"3768_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5599","DOI":"10.3390\/w7105599","volume":"7","author":"D Caniani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Caniani D, Esposito G, Gori R, Mannina G (2015) Toward a new decision support system for design, management and operation of wastewater treatment plants for the reduction of greenhouse gases emission. Water 7(10):5599\u20135616","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"6","key":"3768_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.4236\/cs.2016.76075","volume":"7","author":"G Orkavalan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Orkavalan G, Madurai Chidambaram S, Mariappan V, Kandaswammy G, Natarjana S (2016) Cluster analysis to assess groundwater quality in Erode District, Tamil Nadu, India. Circuits Syst 7(6):877\u2013890","journal-title":"Circuits Syst"},{"key":"3768_CR34","unstructured":"MacQueen J (1967) Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations. In: Proceedings of the 5th Berkeley symposium on mathematical statistics and probability, pp 92\u201397"},{"key":"3768_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","volume":"20","author":"PJ Rousseeuw","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rousseeuw PJ (1987) Silhouettes: a graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis. J Comput Appl Math 20:53\u201365","journal-title":"J Comput Appl Math"},{"key":"3768_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/01969727308546046","volume":"3","author":"JC Dunn","year":"1974","unstructured":"Dunn JC (1974) A fuzzy relative ISODATA process and its use in detecting compact well-separated clusters. J Cybern 3:32\u201357","journal-title":"J Cybern"},{"issue":"4","key":"3768_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.06.004","volume":"1","author":"AR Rao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rao AR, Srinivas VV (2006) Regionalization of watersheds by fuzzy cluster analysis. J Hydrol 1(4):57\u201379","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"3768_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-3004(84)90020-7","volume":"10","author":"JC Bezdek","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bezdek JC, Ehrlich R, Full W (1984) FCM: the fuzzy c-means Clustering algorithm. Comput Geosci 10(2\u20133):191\u2013203","journal-title":"Comput Geosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3768_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(86)90004-7","volume":"18","author":"JC Bezdek","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bezdek JC, Chuah SK, Leep D (1986) Generalized K-nearest neighbor rules. Fuzzy Sets Syst 18(3):237\u2013256","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst"},{"key":"3768_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2014.08.036","volume":"24","author":"S Wikaisuksakul","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wikaisuksakul S (2014) A multi-objective genetic algorithm with fuzzy c-means for automatic data clustering. Appl Soft Comput 24:679\u2013691","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-018-3768-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-018-3768-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-018-3768-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T08:19:55Z","timestamp":1586161195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-018-3768-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["3768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-018-3768-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 February 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}