{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T01:27:22Z","timestamp":1775266042654,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]],"date-time":"2018-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61271374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61271374"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput & Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-018-3854-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]],"date-time":"2018-11-08T03:15:17Z","timestamp":1541646917000},"page":"4805-4819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Occluded offline handwritten Chinese character recognition using deep convolutional generative adversarial network and improved GoogLeNet"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8632-4334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianwu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"3854_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afonso MV, Bioucas-Dias JM, Figueiredo MA (2010) An augmented Lagrangian approach to linear inverse problems with compound regularization. In: 2010 17th IEEE international conference on image processing (ICIP), IEEE, pp 4169\u20134172","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2010.5650379"},{"key":"3854_CR2","unstructured":"Cire\u015fan D, Meier U (2015) Multi-column deep neural networks for offline handwritten Chinese character classification. In: 2015 international joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN), IEEE, pp\u00a01\u20136"},{"key":"3854_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cire\u015fan D, Meier U, Schmidhuber J (2012) Multi-column deep neural networks for image classification. arXiv preprint arXiv:1202.2745","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2012.6248110"},{"issue":"3","key":"3854_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022627411411","volume":"20","author":"C Cortes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cortes C, Vapnik V (1995) Support-vector networks. Mach Learn 20(3):273\u2013297","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"issue":"9","key":"3854_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2004.833105","volume":"13","author":"A Criminisi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Criminisi A, P\u00e9rez P, Toyama K (2004) Region filling and object removal by exemplar-based image inpainting. IEEE Trans Image Process 13(9):1200\u20131212","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"issue":"7","key":"3854_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1109\/29.1644","volume":"36","author":"JG Daugman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Daugman JG (1988) Complete discrete 2-D Gabor transforms by neural networks for image analysis and compression. IEEE Trans Acoust Speech Signal Process 36(7):1169\u20131179","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Acoust Speech Signal Process"},{"key":"3854_CR7","unstructured":"Denton EL, Chintala S, Fergus R, et\u00a0al (2015) Deep generative image models using a Laplacian pyramid of adversarial networks. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 1486\u20131494"},{"key":"3854_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge Y, Huo Q, Feng ZD (2002) Offline recognition of handwritten Chinese characters using Gabor features, CDHMM modeling and MCE training. In: 2002 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech, and signal processing (ICASSP), IEEE, vol\u00a01, pp I\u20131053","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2002.5743976"},{"issue":"6","key":"3854_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1109\/72.963769","volume":"12","author":"FA Gers","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gers FA, Schmidhuber E (2001) LSTM recurrent networks learn simple context-free and context-sensitive languages. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 12(6):1333\u20131340","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw"},{"key":"3854_CR10","unstructured":"Goodfellow I, Pouget-Abadie J, Mirza M, Xu B, Warde-Farley D, Ozair S, Courville A, Bengio Y (2014) Generative adversarial nets. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 2672\u20132680"},{"issue":"10","key":"3854_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1145\/1400181.1400202","volume":"51","author":"J Hays","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hays J, Efros AA (2008) Scene completion using millions of photographs. Commun ACM 51(10):87\u201394","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"issue":"5786","key":"3854_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127647","volume":"313","author":"GE Hinton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hinton GE, Salakhutdinov RR (2006) Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks. Science 313(5786):504\u2013507","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3854_CR13","unstructured":"Hinton GE, Srivastava N, Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Salakhutdinov RR (2012) Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors. arXiv preprint arXiv:1207.0580"},{"issue":"9","key":"3854_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.271","volume":"35","author":"Y Hu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hu Y, Zhang D, Ye J, Li X, He X (2013) Fast and accurate matrix completion via truncated nuclear norm regularization. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 35(9):2117\u20132130","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"4","key":"3854_CR15","first-page":"129","volume":"33","author":"JB Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang JB, Kang SB, Ahuja N, Kopf J (2014) Image completion using planar structure guidance. ACM Trans Graph (TOG) 33(4):129","journal-title":"ACM Trans Graph (TOG)"},{"key":"3854_CR16","first-page":"18","volume":"1","author":"Y Ji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ji Y, Zhang H, Wu QJ (2018) Saliency detection via conditional adversarial image-to-image network. Neurocomputing 1:18","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"3854_CR17","unstructured":"Kingma DP, Ba J (2014) Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980"},{"key":"3854_CR18","unstructured":"LeCun Y, Boser BE, Denker JS, Henderson D, Howard RE, Hubbard WE, Jackel LD (1990) Handwritten digit recognition with a back-propagation network. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 396\u2013404"},{"issue":"11","key":"3854_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791","volume":"86","author":"Y LeCun","year":"1998","unstructured":"LeCun Y, Bottou L, Bengio Y, Haffner P (1998) Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proc IEEE 86(11):2278\u20132324","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"3854_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ledig C, Theis L, Husz\u00e1r F, Caballero J, Cunningham A, Acosta A, Aitken AP, Tejani A, Totz J, Wang Z, et\u00a0al (2017) Photo-realistic single image super-resolution using a generative adversarial network. In: CVPR, vol\u00a02, p\u00a04","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.19"},{"key":"3854_CR21","unstructured":"Li H (2007) Offline handwritten character recognition based on multiple hidden Markov model. Ph.D. thesis, Changsha University of Science and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3854_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-013-1513-9","volume":"25","author":"W Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu W, Jiang J (2014) A new Chinese character recognition approach based on the fuzzy clustering analysis. Neural Comput Appl 25(2):421\u2013428","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"3854_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu C, Tang J, Yan S, Lin Z (2014) Generalized nonconvex nonsmooth low-rank minimization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 4130\u20134137","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.526"},{"issue":"1","key":"3854_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2007.911828","volume":"17","author":"J Mairal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mairal J, Elad M, Sapiro G (2008) Sparse representation for color image restoration. IEEE Trans Image Process 17(1):53\u201369","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"3854_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathak D, Krahenbuhl P, Donahue J, Darrell T, Efros AA (2016) Context encoders: Feature learning by inpainting. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 2536\u20132544","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.278"},{"key":"3854_CR26","unstructured":"Radford A, Metz L, Chintala S (2015) Unsupervised representation learning with deep convolutional generative adversarial networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.06434"},{"issue":"3","key":"3854_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1137\/S0036139900368844","volume":"62","author":"J Shen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shen J, Chan TF (2002) Mathematical models for local nontexture inpaintings. SIAM J Appl Math 62(3):1019\u20131043","journal-title":"SIAM J Appl Math"},{"key":"3854_CR28","unstructured":"Simonyan K, Zisserman A (2014) Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556"},{"key":"3854_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szegedy C, Liu W, Jia Y, Sermanet P, Reed S, Anguelov D, Erhan D, Vanhoucke V, Rabinovich A (2015) Going deeper with convolutions. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp\u00a01\u20139","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298594"},{"issue":"4","key":"3854_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","volume":"13","author":"Z Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang Z, Bovik AC, Sheikh HR, Simoncelli EP (2004) Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans Image Process 13(4):600\u2013612","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"3854_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whyte O, Sivic J, Zisserman A (2009) Get out of my picture! internet-based inpainting. In: BMVC, vol\u00a02, p\u00a05","DOI":"10.5244\/C.23.116"},{"key":"3854_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu C, Fan W, He Y, Sun J, Naoi S (2014) Handwritten character recognition by alternately trained relaxation convolutional neural network. In: 2014 14th international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition (ICFHR), IEEE, pp 291\u2013296","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR.2014.56"},{"key":"3854_CR33","unstructured":"Xie J, Xu L, Chen E (2012) Image denoising and inpainting with deep neural networks. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 341\u2013349"},{"key":"3854_CR34","unstructured":"Yeh R, Chen C, Lim TY, Hasegawa-Johnson M, Do MN (2016) Semantic image inpainting with perceptual and contextual losses, vol 2. arXiv preprint arXiv:1607.07539"},{"issue":"4","key":"3854_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01414810","volume":"2","author":"DS Yeung","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yeung DS, Fong HS (1994) Handwritten Chinese character recognition by rule-embedded neocognitron. Neural Comput Appl 2(4):216\u2013226","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"3854_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin F, Wang QF, Zhang XY, Liu CL (2013) ICDAR 2013 Chinese handwriting recognition competition. In: 2013 12th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR), IEEE, pp 1464\u20131470","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2013.218"},{"key":"3854_CR37","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"H Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang H, Sun Y, Liu L, Wang X, Li L, Liu W (2018) Clothingout: a category-supervised GAN model for clothing segmentation and retrieval. Neural Comput Appl 1:1\u201312","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"3854_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2016.08.005","volume":"61","author":"XY Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang XY, Bengio Y, Liu CL (2017) Online and offline handwritten Chinese character recognition: a comprehensive study and new benchmark. Pattern Recogn 61:348\u2013360","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"key":"3854_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong Z, Jin L, Xie Z (2015) High performance offline handwritten Chinese character recognition using GoogleNet and directional feature maps. In: 2015 13th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR), IEEE, pp 846\u2013850","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2015.7333881"},{"key":"3854_CR40","unstructured":"Zhou X (2016) Deep model based offline handwritten Chinese character recognition. Ph.D. thesis, Zhejiang University"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-018-3854-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-018-3854-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-018-3854-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T00:23:09Z","timestamp":1775262189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-018-3854-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-018-3854-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 July 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 October 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}