{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T09:21:54Z","timestamp":1778664114420,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput &amp; Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05159-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:02:46Z","timestamp":1594166566000},"page":"2735-2751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A fingerprint-based coarse-to-fine algorithm for indoor positioning system using Bluetooth Low Energy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Maximilianus Maria Kolbe","family":"Lie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4241-997X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gede Putra","family":"Kusuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"5159_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2017.03.002","volume":"24","author":"B Anahid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anahid B, Elena Simona L, Terry M, Adam W, Pekka P, Chris H, Pouria A, Pedro S (2017) Indoor location based services challenges, requirements and usability of current solutions. Comput Sci Rev 24:1\u201312","journal-title":"Comput Sci Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"5159_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2012.02.002","volume":"54","author":"K Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li K, Du TC (2012) Building a targeted mobile advertising system for location-based services. Decis Support Syst 54(1):1\u20138","journal-title":"Decis Support Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"5159_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2871166","volume":"48","author":"H Maghdid","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maghdid H, Lami I, Ghafoor K, Lloret J (2016) Seamless outdoors-indoors localization solutions on smartphones: implementation and challenges. ACM Comput Surv 48(4):1\u201334","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"issue":"3","key":"5159_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.3390\/s130303501","volume":"13","author":"C Medina","year":"2013","unstructured":"Medina C, Segura JC, Torre \u00c1l (2013) Ultrasound indoor positioning system based on a low-power wireless sensor network providing sub-centimeter accuracy. Sensors 13(3):3501\u20133526","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"5159_CR5","unstructured":"Lee C (2004) Indoor positioning system based on incident angles of infrared emitters. In: 30th annual conference of IEEE industrial electronics society, 2004. IECON 2004, Busan, South Korea"},{"issue":"9","key":"5159_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11734","DOI":"10.3390\/s120911734","volume":"12","author":"C Gomez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gomez C, Oller J, Paradells J (2012) Overview and evaluation of bluetooth low energy: an emerging low-power wireless technology. Sensors 12(9):11734\u201311753","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"5159_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rida ME, Liu F, Jadi Y, Algawhari AAA, Askourih A (2015) Indoor location position based on Bluetooth Signal Strength. In: 2015 2nd international conference on information science and control engineering","DOI":"10.1109\/ICISCE.2015.177"},{"key":"5159_CR8","unstructured":"Wang Y, Yang X, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Cuthbert L (2013) Bluetooth positioning using RSSI and triangulation methods. In: 2013 IEEE 10th consumer communications and networking conference (CCNC), Las Vegas"},{"key":"5159_CR9","unstructured":"Faragher R, Harle R (2014) An analysis of the accuracy of bluetooth low energy for indoor positioning applications. In: Proceedings of the 27th international technical meeting of the satellite division of the Institute Of Navigation (ION GNSS\u2009+\u20092014)"},{"key":"5159_CR10","unstructured":"Zhao X, Xiao Z, Markham A, Trigoni N, Ren Y (2014) Does BTLE measure up against WiFi? A comparison of indoor location performance. In: European wireless 2014; 20th European wireless conference"},{"key":"5159_CR11","unstructured":"Lie MMK, Kusuma GP, Alexander I. Indoor positioning system using Gaussian mixture model on Bluetooth Fingerprint to combat signal fluctuation from BLE. Unpublished"},{"key":"5159_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Z, Wu C, Liu Y (2012) Locating in fingerprint space: wireless indoor localization with little human intervention. In: Proceedings of the 18th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, Istanbul","DOI":"10.1145\/2348543.2348578"},{"key":"5159_CR13","volume-title":"Wireless communications: principles and practice","author":"TS Rappaport","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rappaport TS (2002) Wireless communications: principles and practice, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3","key":"5159_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2347691","volume":"64","author":"CH Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang CH, Lee LH, Ho CC, Wu LL (2015) Lai ZH (2015) Real-time RFID indoor positioning system based on Kalman-filter drift removal and Heron-Bilateration location estimation. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 64(3):728\u2013739","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"key":"5159_CR15","first-page":"1012","volume":"2","author":"K Kaemarungsi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaemarungsi K, Krishnamurthy P (2004) Modeling of indoor positioning systems based on location fingerprinting. IEEE Infocom 2:1012\u20131022","journal-title":"IEEE Infocom"},{"key":"5159_CR16","unstructured":"Wang X, Gao L, Mao S, Pandey S (2015) DeepFi: deep learning for indoor fingerprinting using channel state information. In: 2015 IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC), New Orleans"},{"issue":"6","key":"5159_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2558659","volume":"3","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang X, Gao L, Mao S (2017) CSI phase fingerprinting for indoor localization. IEEE Internet Things J 3(6):1113\u20131123","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"7","key":"5159_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2012.214","volume":"24","author":"K Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu K, Xiao J, Yi Y, Chen D, Luo X, Ni LM (2013) CSI-based indoor localization. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 24(7):1300\u20131309","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst"},{"issue":"12","key":"5159_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2011.216","volume":"11","author":"C Feng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Feng C, Wain Sy Anthea A, Valaee S, Zhen Hui T (2012) Received signal strength based indoor positioning using compressive sensing. IEEE Trans Mobile Comput 11(12):1983\u20131993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Mobile Comput"},{"key":"5159_CR20","unstructured":"Kusuma GP, Lie MMK A review of indoor positioning system techniques using bluetooth low energy. ICIC Express Lett 13(12):1139\u20131147"},{"key":"5159_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2015.03.001","volume":"66","author":"AKMM Hossain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hossain AKMM, Wee Seng S (2015) A survey of calibration-free indoor positioning systems. Computer Communications 66:1\u201313","journal-title":"Computer Communications"},{"key":"5159_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfakih M, Keche M, Benoudnine H (2015) Gaussian mixture modeling for Indoor Positioning WIFI System. In: 2015 3rd international conference on control, engineering & information technology (CEIT), Tlemcen","DOI":"10.1109\/CEIT.2015.7233072"},{"issue":"12","key":"5159_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3464","DOI":"10.3390\/en11123464","volume":"11","author":"CK Ke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ke CK, Wu MY, Chan YW, Lu KC (2018) Developing a BLE Beacon-based location system using location fingerprint positioning for smart home power management. Energies 11(12):3464","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"5159_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2018.06.031","volume":"62","author":"Y Pu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pu Y, You P (2018) Indoor positioning system based on BLE location fingerprinting with classification approach. Appl Math Model 62:654\u2013663","journal-title":"Appl Math Model"},{"key":"5159_CR25","first-page":"2083094","volume":"2016","author":"P Kriz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kriz P, Maly F, Kozel T (2016) Improving indoor localization using bluetooth low energy Beacons. Mobile Inf Syst 2016:2083094","journal-title":"Mobile Inf Syst"},{"issue":"5","key":"5159_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155014771770668","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147717706681","volume":"13","author":"Q Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Q, Sun R, Zhang X, Sun Y, Lu X (2017) Bluetooth positioning based on weighted K-nearest neighbors and adaptive bandwidth mean shift. Int J Distrib Sens Netw 13(5):1550147717706681","journal-title":"Int J Distrib Sens Netw"},{"key":"5159_CR27","unstructured":"Shin B, Lee H, Lee T, Kim HS (2012) Enhanced weighted K-nearest neighbor algorithm for indoor Wi-Fi positioning systems. In: 2012 8th international conference on computing technology and information management (NCM and ICNIT), vol 2, pp 574\u2013577"},{"issue":"12","key":"5159_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122927","volume":"17","author":"VC Paterna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paterna VC, Auge CA, Aspas JP, Bullones MAP (2017) A bluetooth low energy indoor positioning system with channel diversity, weighted trilateration and kalman filtering. Sensors 17(12):2927","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"5159_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yim J, Park C, Joo J, Jeong S (2008) Extended Kalman filter for wireless LAN based indoor positioning. Decis Support Syst","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2008.03.004"},{"key":"5159_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2017.07.051","volume":"100","author":"Y Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu Y, Fan X, Lv C, Wu J, Li L, Ding D (2018) Relative multiplicative extended Kalman filter for observable GPS-denied navigation. Mech Syst Signal Process 100:605\u2013616","journal-title":"Mech Syst Signal Process"},{"issue":"6","key":"5159_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061299","volume":"17","author":"G de Blasio","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Blasio G, Quesada-Arencibia A, Garc\u00eda CR, Molina-Gil JM, Caballero-Gil C (2017) Study on an indoor positioning system for harsh environments based on Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy. Sensors 17(6):1299","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"5159_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang A, Ganesh A, Sastry S, Ma Y (2010) Fast \u2113 1-minimization algorithms and an application in robust face recognition: a review. In: 2010 IEEE international conference on image processing","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2010.5651522"},{"key":"5159_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccinni G, Avitabile G, Coviello G (2017) Narrowband distance evaluation technique for indoor positioning systems based on Zadoff-Chu sequences. In: 2017 IEEE 13th international conference on wireless and mobile computing, networking and communications (WiMob)","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMOB.2017.8115766"},{"key":"5159_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisa S, Peixoto J, Meneses F, Moreira A (2013) Removing useless APs and fingerprints from WiFi indoor positioning radio maps. In: International conference on indoor positioning and indoor navigation. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2013.6817919"},{"key":"5159_CR35","unstructured":"Farshid H, Tavakolian M (2019) Video classification using deep autoencoder network. In: Conference on complex, intelligent, and software intensive systems, Cham"},{"issue":"1","key":"5159_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2011.243","volume":"12","author":"AM Hossain","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hossain AM, Jin Y, Soh W-S, Van HN (2013) SSD: a robust RF location fingerprint addressing mobile devices\u2019 heterogeneity. IEEE Trans Mobile Comput 12(1):65\u201377","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Mobile Comput"},{"key":"5159_CR37","first-page":"931629","volume":"2015","author":"J Jin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jin J, Li M, Jin L (2015) Data normalization to accelerate training for linear neural net to predict tropical cyclone tracks. Math Probl Eng 2015:931629","journal-title":"Math Probl Eng"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05159-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05159-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05159-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T23:10:45Z","timestamp":1625699445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05159-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["5159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05159-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}