{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T18:26:23Z","timestamp":1772907983521,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,5]],"date-time":"2020-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,5]],"date-time":"2020-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.61976193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.61976193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Science and Technology Planning Key Project of China","award":["No.2018C01064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2018C01064"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No.LY19F020027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.LY19F020027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput & Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05167-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,5]],"date-time":"2020-07-05T20:02:31Z","timestamp":1593979351000},"page":"3035-3051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["How frontal is a face? Quantitative estimation of face pose based on CNN and geometric projection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1209-0608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shufang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"5167_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/12.2.9","volume":"12","author":"A Doshi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Doshi A, Trivedi MM (2012) Head and eye gaze dynamics during visual attention shifts in complex environments. J Vis 12(2):1\u201316","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"3","key":"5167_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2015.2390959","volume":"24","author":"C Ding","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ding C, Xu C, Tao D (2015) Multi-task pose-invariant face recognition. IEEE Trans Image Process 24(3):980\u2013993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"issue":"4","key":"5167_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.106","volume":"31","author":"E Murphy-Chutorian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Murphy-Chutorian E, Trivedi MM (2009) Head pose estimation in computer vision: a survey. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 31(4):607\u2013626","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"5167_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beymer D (1994) Face recognition under varying pose. In: Proceedings of IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 756\u2013761","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1994.323893"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"5167_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(02)00008-2","volume":"20","author":"J Ng","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ng J, Gong S (2002) Composite support vector machines for detection of faces across views and pose estimation. Image Vis Comput 20(5\u20136):359\u2013368","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"key":"5167_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng J, Gong S (1999) Multi-view face detection and pose estimation using a composite support vector machine across the view sphere. In: Proceedings international workshop on recognition, analysis, and tracking of faces and gestures in real-time systems, pp 14\u201321","DOI":"10.1109\/RATFG.1999.799218"},{"issue":"12","key":"5167_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2005.12.017","volume":"25","author":"J Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang J, Sung E (2007) EM enhancement of 3D head pose estimated by point at infinity. Image Vis Comput 25(12):1864\u20131874","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"key":"5167_CR8","unstructured":"Heo J, Savvides M (2011) Generic 3D face pose estimation using facial shapes. In: 2011 international joint conference on biometrics (IJCB), pp 1\u20138"},{"issue":"2","key":"5167_CR9","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"C Hegde","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hegde C, Sankaranarayanan AC, Baraniuk RG (2011) Learning manifolds in the wild. J Mach Learn Res 1(2):1\u201334","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"5167_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundararajan K, Woodard DL (2015) Head pose estimation in the wild using approximate view manifolds. In: 2015 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops (CVPRW), pp 50\u201358","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2015.7301354"},{"key":"5167_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Hu Y, Liu M, Huang T (2007) Head pose estimation in seminar room using multi view face detectors. In: International evaluation workshop on classification of events, activities and relationships, pp 299\u2013304","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69568-4_27"},{"key":"5167_CR12","unstructured":"Ma B, Zhang W, Shan S, Chen X, Gao W (2006) Robust head pose estimation using LGBP. In: 18th international conference on pattern recognition (ICPR\u201906), pp 512\u2013515"},{"key":"5167_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy-Chutorian E, Trivedi MM (2007) Head pose estimation for driver assistance systems: a robust algorithm and experimental evaluation. In: 2007 IEEE intelligent transportation systems conference, pp 709\u2013714","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2007.4357803"},{"key":"5167_CR14","unstructured":"Ma Y, Konishi Y, Kinoshita K, Lao S, Kawade M (2006) Sparse Bayesian regression for head pose estimation. In: 18th International conference on pattern recognition (ICPR\u201906), pp 507\u2013510"},{"key":"5167_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2014.03.017","volume":"45","author":"B Han","year":"2014","unstructured":"Han B, Lee S, Yang H (2014) Head pose estimation using image abstraction and local directional quaternary patterns for multiclass classification. Pattern Recogn Lett 45:145\u2013153","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"5167_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drouard V, Ba S, Evangelidis G, Deleforge A, Horaud R (2015) Head pose estimation via probabilistic high-dimensional regression. In: 2015 IEEE international conference on image processing (ICIP), pp 4624\u20134628","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2015.7351683"},{"issue":"3","key":"5167_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2017.2654165","volume":"26","author":"V Drouard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Drouard V, Horaud R, Deleforge A, Ba S, Evangelidis G (2017) Robust head-pose estimation based on partially-latent mixture of linear regressions. IEEE Trans Image Process 26(3):1428\u20131440","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"issue":"2","key":"5167_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"J Aghajanian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aghajanian J, Prince S (2009) Face pose estimation in uncontrolled environments. BMVC 1(2):1\u201311","journal-title":"BMVC"},{"key":"5167_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torki M, Elgammal A (2011) Regression from local features for viewpoint and pose estimation. In: 2011 international conference on computer vision, pp 2603\u20132610","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2011.6126549"},{"key":"5167_CR20","unstructured":"Zhu X, Ramanan D (2012) Face detection, pose estimation, and landmark localization in the wild. In: 2012 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 2879\u20132886"},{"issue":"10","key":"5167_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2019.05.026","volume":"94","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Liang W, Shen J, Jia Y, Yu L (2019) A deep Coarse-to-Fine network for head pose estimation from synthetic data. Pattern Recogn 94(10):196\u2013206","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"1","key":"5167_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2781233","volume":"41","author":"R Ranjan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ranjan R, Patel VM, Chellappa R (2019) HyperFace: a deep multi-task learning framework for face detection, landmark localization, pose estimation, and gender recognition. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 41(1):121\u2013135","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"5167_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu X, Liang W, Wang Y, Li S, Pei M (2016) 3D head pose estimation with convolutional neural network trained on synthetic images. In: 2016 IEEE international conference on image processing (ICIP), pp 1289\u20131293","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2016.7532566"},{"key":"5167_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn B, Jaesik P, Kweon I (2014) Real-time head orientation from a monocular camera using deep neural network. In: Asian conference on computer vision, pp 82\u201396","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16811-1_6"},{"key":"5167_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2017.06.009","volume":"71","author":"M Patacchiola","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patacchiola M, Cangelosi A (2017) Head pose estimation in the wild using convolutional neural networks and adaptive gradient methods. Pattern Recogn 71:132\u2013143","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"key":"5167_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2018.09.023","volume":"123","author":"F Zavan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zavan F, Bellon OR, Silva L, Medioni GG (2019) Benchmarking parts based face processing in-the-wild for gender recognition and head pose estimation. Pattern Recogn Lett 123:104\u2013110","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"5167_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz N, Chong E, Rehg JM (2018) Fine-grained head pose estimation without keypoints. In: 2018 IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops (CVPRW), pp 2155\u20132164","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00281"},{"key":"5167_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar A, Alavi A, Chellappa R (2017) KEPLER: keypoint and pose estimation of unconstrained faces by learning efficient H-CNN regressors. In: 2017 12th IEEE international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition (FG 2017), pp 258\u2013265","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2017.149"},{"key":"5167_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-018-3579-x","volume":"31","author":"H Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang H, Ji Y, Huang W, Liu L (2019) Sitcom-star-based clothing retrieval for video advertising: a deep learning framework. Neural Comput Appl 31:7361\u20137380","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"key":"5167_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2018.09.061","volume":"322","author":"Y Ji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ji Y, Zhang H, Wu Q (2018) Salient object detection via multi-scale attention CNN. Neurocomputing 322:130\u2013140","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"4","key":"5167_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2018.2866770","volume":"21","author":"H Hsu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hsu H, Wu T, Wan S, Wong W, Lee C (2019) QuatNet: quaternion-based head pose estimation with multiregression loss. IEEE Trans Multimed 21(4):1035\u20131046","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Multimed"},{"key":"5167_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2019.11.005","volume":"93","author":"B Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang B, Chen R, Xu W, Zhou Q (2020) Improving head pose estimation using two-stage ensembles with top-k regression. Image Vis Comput 93:103827\u2013103835","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"key":"5167_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49563","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2869465","volume":"6","author":"H Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu H, Zhang K, Tian G (2018) Simultaneous face detection and pose estimation using convolutional neural network cascade. IEEE Access 6:49563\u201349575","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"5167_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-012-0549-0","volume":"101","author":"G Fanelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fanelli G, Dantone M, Gall J, Fossati A, Gool L (2013) Random forests for real time 3D face analysis. Int J Comput Vision 101(3):437\u2013458","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vision"},{"key":"5167_CR35","unstructured":"Gourier N, Hall D, Crowley JL (2004) Estimating face orientation from robust detection of salient facial structures. In: FG Net workshop on visual observation of deictic gestures, vol 6, pp 1\u20139"},{"key":"5167_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostinger M, Wohlhart P, Roth P, Bischof H (2011) Annotated facial landmarks in the wild: a large-scale, real-world database for facial landmark localization. In: 2011 IEEE international conference on computer vision workshops (ICCV Workshops), pp 2144\u20132151","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2011.6130513"},{"key":"5167_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szegedy C, Ioffe S, Vanhoucke V, Alemi A (2017) Inception-v4, Inception-ResNet and the impact of residual connections on learning. In: Thirty-First AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, pp 4278\u20134284","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.11231"},{"issue":"10","key":"5167_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2016.2603342","volume":"23","author":"K-P Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang K-P, Zhang Z-P, Li Z-F, Qiao Y (2016) Joint face detection and alignment using multitask cascaded convolutional networks. IEEE Signal Process Lett 23(10):1499\u20131503","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Lett"},{"key":"5167_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng J, Dong W, Socher R, Li L-J, Li K, Li F-F (2009) ImageNet: a large-scale hierarchical image database. In: 2009 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 248\u2013255","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"5167_CR40","unstructured":"Glorot X, Bengio Y (2010) Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks. In: Proceedings of the thirteenth international conference on artificial intelligence and statistics, pp 249\u2013256"},{"key":"5167_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulat A, Tzimiropoulos G (2017) How far are we from solving the 2D & 3D face alignment problem? (and a dataset of 230,000 3D facial landmarks). In: 2017 IEEE international conference on computer vision (ICCV), pp 1021\u20131030","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.116"},{"key":"5167_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jourabloo A, Liu X (2016) Large-pose face alignment via CNN-based dense 3D model fitting. In: 2016 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), pp 4188\u20134196","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.454"},{"key":"5167_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu X, Lei Z, Liu X (2016) Face alignment across large poses: a 3D solution. In: 2016 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), pp 146\u2013155","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.23"},{"key":"5167_CR44","unstructured":"Redmon J, Farhadi A (2018) YOLOv3: An Incremental Improvement. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1804.02767"},{"key":"5167_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu W, Anguelov D, Erhan D, Szegedy C, Reed S, Fu C, Berg A (2016) SSD: single shot multibox detector. In: European conference on computer vision (ECCV), pp 21\u201337","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46448-0_2"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05167-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05167-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05167-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T04:54:19Z","timestamp":1667278459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05167-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["5167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05167-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 January 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}