{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T13:22:22Z","timestamp":1771334542549,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010221","name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-11682\/NRPU\/RGM\/R&D\/HEC\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-11682\/NRPU\/RGM\/R&D\/HEC\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61772164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61772164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput &amp; Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05373-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T12:03:31Z","timestamp":1601467411000},"page":"5951-5964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Learning-detailed 3D face reconstruction based on convolutional neural networks from a single image"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Asad","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6842-7604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakander","family":"Hayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinde","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Faizan","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asad","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Sufyan","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"5373_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1227983","volume":"25","author":"V Blanz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blanz V, Vetter T (2003) Face recognition based on fitting a 3d morphable model. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 25(9):1063\u20131074","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"5373_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blanz V (2006) Face recognition based on a 3D morphable model. In: 7th International conference on automatic face and gesture recognition (FGR06), Southampton, pp. 617-624, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FGR.2006.42.","DOI":"10.1109\/FGR.2006.42."},{"issue":"4","key":"5373_CR3","first-page":"45","volume":"34","author":"AE Ichim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ichim AE, Bouaziz S, Pauly M (2015) Dynamic 3d avatar creation from hand-held video input. ACM Trans Gr (ToG) 34(4):45","journal-title":"ACM Trans Gr (ToG)"},{"key":"5373_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thies J, Zollhofer M, Stamminger M, Theobalt C, Niessner M (2016) Face2face: real-time face capture and reenactment of rgb videos. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition 2387\u20132395","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.262"},{"issue":"2","key":"5373_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.63","volume":"33","author":"I Kemelmacher Shlizerman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kemelmacher Shlizerman I, Basri R (2011) 3d face reconstruction from a single image using a single reference face shape. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 33(2):394\u2013405","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"5373_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Richardson E, Sela M, OR-EL R, Kimmel R (2017) Learning detailed face reconstruction from a single image. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), Honolulu, HI, pp. 5553-5562, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2017.589","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.589"},{"issue":"3","key":"5373_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.249","volume":"20","author":"C Cao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cao C, Weng Y, Zhou S, Tong Y, Zhou K (2014) Facewarehouse: a 3d facial expression database for visual computing. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Gr 20(3):413\u2013425","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Vis Comput Gr"},{"issue":"5","key":"5373_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.206","volume":"35","author":"O Aldrian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aldrian O, Smith WA (2013) Inverse rendering of faces with a 3d morphable model. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 35(5):1080\u20131093","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"8","key":"5373_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1109\/34.784284","volume":"21","author":"R Zhang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zhang R, Tsai P-S, Cryer JE, Shah M (1999) Shapefrom-shading: a survey. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 21(8):690\u2013706","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"issue":"3","key":"5373_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1145\/2890493","volume":"35","author":"P Garrido","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garrido P, Zollh\u00f6fer M, Casas D, Valgaerts L, Varanasi K, P\u00e9rez P, Theobalt C (2016) Reconstruction of personalized 3d face rigs from monocular video. ACM Trans Gr 35(3):28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2890493","journal-title":"ACM Trans Gr"},{"key":"5373_CR11","series-title":"Handbook of mathematical models in computer vision","first-page":"375","volume-title":"Shape from shading","author":"E Prados","year":"2006","unstructured":"Prados E, Faugeras O (2006) Shape from shading. Handbook of mathematical models in computer vision. Springer, Berlin, pp 375\u2013388"},{"issue":"2","key":"5373_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008118909580","volume":"39","author":"I Shimshoni","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shimshoni I, Moses Y, Lindenbaum M (2000) Shape reconstruction of 3d bilaterally symmetric surfaces. Int J Comput Vis 39(2):97\u2013110","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"key":"5373_CR13","unstructured":"Zhao WY, Chellappa R (2000) Illumination-insensitive face recognition using symmetric shape-from-shading. In: IEEE Conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR) 1:286\u2013293"},{"issue":"1","key":"5373_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012369907247","volume":"45","author":"WY Zhao","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhao WY, Chellappa R (2001) Symmetric shape-fromshading using self-ratio image. Int J Comput Vis 45(1):55\u201365","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"issue":"4","key":"5373_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1137\/1035134","volume":"35","author":"GW STEWART","year":"1993","unstructured":"STEWART GW (1993) On the early history of the singular value decomposition. SIAM Rev 35(4):551\u2013566","journal-title":"SIAM Rev"},{"key":"5373_CR16","unstructured":"Zhu X, Lei Z, Yan J, Yi D, Li SZ (2015) High-fidelity pose and expression normalization for face recognition in the wild. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 787-796"},{"key":"5373_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jourabloo A, Liu X (2016) Large-pose face alignment via cnn-based dense 3d model fitting. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), Las Vegas, NV, pp. 4188-4196, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2016.454","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.454"},{"key":"5373_CR18","unstructured":"Feng L, Zeng D, Zhao Q, Liu X (2016) Joint face alignment and 3d face reconstruction. In: European conference on computer vision. Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"key":"5373_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu X, Lei Z, Liu X, Shi H, Li SZ (2016) Face alignment across large poses: a 3d solution. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), Las Vegas, NV, pp. 146-155, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2016.23","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.23"},{"key":"5373_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amberg B, Blake A, Fitzgibbon A, Romdhani S, Vetter T (2007) Reconstructing high quality face-surfaces using model based stereo. In: IEEE 11th international conference on computer vision, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 1\u20138, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCV.2007.4408998","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2007.4408998"},{"key":"5373_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dou P, Wu Y, Shah S, Kakadiaris I (2014) Robust 3d face shape reconstruction from single images via two-fold coupled structure learning and off-the-shelf landmark detectors. In: British machine vision conference. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5244\/C.28.131","DOI":"10.5244\/C.28.131"},{"key":"5373_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aldrian O, Smith W (2010) A linear approach of 3d face shape and texture recovery using a 3d morphable model. In: British machine vision conference. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5244\/C.24.75","DOI":"10.5244\/C.24.75"},{"key":"5373_CR23","unstructured":"Liu F, Zeng D, Li J, Zhao Q (2015) Cascaded regressor based 3d face reconstruction from a single arbitrary view image. In arXiv preprint arXiv:1509.06161"},{"key":"5373_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Castelan M, Horebeek J V (2008) 3d face shape approximation from intensities using partial least squares. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, Anchorage, AK, pp. 1-8, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPRW.2008.4563049","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2008.4563049"},{"key":"5373_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhen L, Bai Q, He R, Li SZ (2008) Face shape recovery from a single image using cca mapping between tensor spaces. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), Anchorage, AK, pp. 1-7, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2008.4587341","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2008.4587341"},{"key":"5373_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Richardson E, Sela M, Kimmel R (2016) 3d face reconstruction by learning from synthetic data. In: Fourth international conference on 3D vision (3DV), Stanford, CA, pp. 460-469, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/3DV.2016.56","DOI":"10.1109\/3DV.2016.56"},{"issue":"4","key":"5373_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1145\/2766943","volume":"34","author":"C Cao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cao C, Bradley D, Zhou K, Beeler T (2015) Real-time high-fidelity facial performance capture. ACM Trans Gr 34(4):46","journal-title":"ACM Trans Gr"},{"issue":"4","key":"5373_CR28","first-page":"43","volume":"33","author":"C Cao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cao C, Hou Q, Zhou K (2014) Displaced dynamic expression regression for real-time facial tracking and animation. ACM Trans Gr 33(4):43","journal-title":"ACM Trans Gr"},{"key":"5373_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cao C, Weng Y, Lin S, Zhou K (2013) 3d shape regression for real-time facial animation. ACM Trans Gr 32, 4, Article 41, 10 pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2461912.2462012","DOI":"10.1145\/2461912.2462012"},{"issue":"6","key":"5373_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1145\/2661229.2661290","volume":"33","author":"F Shi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shi F, Wu H-T, Tong X, Chai J (2014) Automatic acquisition of high-fidelity facial performances using monocular videos. ACM Trans Gr 33(6):222","journal-title":"ACM Trans Gr"},{"key":"5373_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bas A, Smith WAP, Bolkart T, Wuhrer S (2016) Fitting a 3d morphable model to edges: a comparison between hard and soft correspondences. In: Asian conference on computer vision workshop on facial informatics (Taipei, Taiwan), vol. 10117, pp. 377\u2013391","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54427-4_28"},{"key":"5373_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160C183","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-016-0967-5","volume":"123","author":"S SCH\u00f6BORN","year":"2017","unstructured":"SCH\u00f6BORN S, EGGER B, MOREL-FORSTER A, VETTER T (2017) Markov chain Monte Carlo for automated face image analysis. Int J Comput Vis 123:160C183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11263-016-0967-5","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"key":"5373_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paysan P, Knothe R, Amberg B, Romdhani S, Vetter T (2009) A 3d face model for pose and illumination invariant face recognition. In: IEEE International conference on advanced video and signal based surveillance, Genova, pp. 296-301, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/AVSS.2009.58","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2009.58"},{"key":"5373_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ramamoorthi R, Hanrahan P (2001) An efficient representation for irradiance environment maps. In: 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques (SIGGRAPH \u201901). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 497C500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/383259.383317","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383317"},{"key":"5373_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blanz V, Vetter TA (1999) Morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces. In: 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques (SIGGRAPH \u201999). ACM Press\/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., USA, 187C194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/311535.311556","DOI":"10.1145\/311535.311556"},{"key":"5373_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chartrand R, Yin W (2008) Iteratively reweighted algorithms for compressive sensing. In; IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing, Las Vegas, NV, pp. 3869\u20133872, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICASSP.2008.4518498","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2008.4518498"},{"issue":"5","key":"5373_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2009.08.002","volume":"28","author":"R Gross","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gross R, Matthews I, Cohn J, Kanade T, Baker S (2010) Multi-pie. Image Vis Comput 28(5):807\u2013813","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"key":"5373_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sagonas C, Tzimiropoulos G, Zafeiriou S, Pantic M (2013) 300 faces in-the-wild challenge: the first facial landmark localization challenge. In: IEEE international conference on computer vision workshops, Sydney, NSW, pp. 397\u2013403, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.59","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.59"},{"key":"5373_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"He K, Zhang X, Ren S, Sun J (2016) Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: IEEE Conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), Las Vegas, NV, pp. 770\u2013778, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"5373_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronneberger O, Fischer P, Brox T (2015) U-net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. In: International conference on medical image computing and computer- assisted intervention, Springer, pp. 234\u2013241","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"5373_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parkhi OM, Vedaldi A, Zisserman A (2015) Deep face recognition. In: MWJ Xianghua Xie, Tam GKL (Eds.) British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC), BMVA Press, pp. 41.1\u201341.12","DOI":"10.5244\/C.29.41"},{"key":"5373_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia Y, Shelhamer E, Donahue J, Karayev S, Long J, Girshick R, Guadarrama S, Darrell T (2014) Caffe: convolutional architecture for fast feature embedding. In: 22Nd ACM international conference on multimedia (New York, NY, USA), (MM 14), ACM, pp. 675\u2013678. 10.1145\/2647868.2654889","DOI":"10.1145\/2647868.2654889"},{"issue":"6","key":"5373_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2018.2837742","volume":"41","author":"Y Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo Y, Zhang J, Cai J, Jiang B, Zheng J (2019) Cnnbased real-time dense face reconstruction with inverse-rendered photo-realistic face images. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 41(6):1294\u20131307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPAMI.2018.2837742","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"5373_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269C1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-018-1064-8","volume":"126","author":"B Egger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Egger B, Schborn S, Schneider A, Kortylewski A, Morel-Forster A, Blumer C, Vetter T (2018) Occlusion-aware 3d morphable models and an illumination prior for face image analysis. Int J Comput Vis 126:1269C1287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11263-018-1064-8","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"key":"5373_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrido P, Valgaerts L, Wu C, Theobalt C (2013) Reconstructing detailed dynamic face geometry from monocular video. ACM Trans Gr 32, 6, Article 158, 10 pages. 10.1145\/2508363.2508380","DOI":"10.1145\/2508363.2508380"},{"key":"5373_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim H, Zollh\u00f6er M, Tewari A, Thies J, Richardt C, Theobalt C (2018) Inversefacenet: deep single-shot inverse face rendering from a single image. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00486"},{"key":"5373_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Phillips PJ, Flynn PJ, Scruggs T, Bowyer KW, Chang J, Hoffman K, Marques J, Min J, Worek W (2005) Overview of the face recognition grand challenge. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR\u201905), San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 947\u2013954 vol. 1, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2005.268","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.268"},{"key":"5373_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kazemi V, Sullivan J (2014) One millisecond face alignment with an ensemble of regression trees. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, Columbus, OH, pp. 1867\u20131874, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2014.241","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.241"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05373-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05373-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05373-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T02:04:05Z","timestamp":1632967445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05373-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["5373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-020-05373-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 August 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interests"}}]}}