{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T04:44:52Z","timestamp":1784781892310,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput & Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-05762-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T06:43:19Z","timestamp":1615272199000},"page":"10587-10596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["On improving knowledge graph facilitated simple question answering system"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4257-4347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"5762_CR1","unstructured":"Bishop CM (2007) Pattern recognition and machine learning, 5th Edition. Information science and statistics. Springer http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/71008143"},{"key":"5762_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bollacker KD, Evans C, Paritosh P, Sturge T, Taylor J (2008) Freebase: a collaboratively created graph database for structuring human knowledge. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, SIGMOD 2008, Vancouver, BC, Canada, June 10-12, pp. 1247\u20131250 (2008).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1376616.1376746","DOI":"10.1145\/1376616.1376746"},{"key":"5762_CR3","unstructured":"Bordes A, Usunier N, Chopra S, Weston J (2015) Large-scale simple question answering with memory networks. CoRR abs\/1506.02075. arXiv: org\/abs\/1506.02075"},{"key":"5762_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cho K, van Merrienboer B, Gulcehre C, Bahdanau D, Bougares F, Schwenk H, Bengio Y (2014) Learning phrase representations using rnn encoder\u2013decoder for statistical machine translation. In: Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 1724\u20131734. Association for Computational Linguistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/v1\/D14-1179. http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/D14-1179","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1179"},{"key":"5762_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Collobert R, Weston J (2008) A unified architecture for natural language processing: Deep neural networks with multitask learning. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML \u201908, pp. 160\u2013167. ACM, New York, NY, USA.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1390156.1390177. http:\/\/doi.acm.org\/10.1145\/1390156.1390177","DOI":"10.1145\/1390156.1390177"},{"key":"5762_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dai Z, Li L, Xu W (2016) Cfo: Conditional focused neural question answering with large-scale knowledge bases. In: Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pp. 800\u2013810. Association for Computational Linguistics.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/P16-1076. http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/P16-1076","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1076"},{"key":"5762_CR7","unstructured":"Devlin J, Chang M, Lee K, Toutanova K (2018) BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. CoRR abs\/1810.04805 (2018). arXiv: org\/abs\/1810.04805"},{"key":"5762_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erling O, Mikhailov I (2009) RDF support in the virtuoso DBMS. In: Networked Knowledge\u2014Networked Media\u2014Integrating Knowledge Management, New Media Technologies and Semantic Systems, pp. 7\u201324.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-02184-8_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02184-8_2"},{"key":"5762_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"He K, Zhang X, Ren S, Sun J (2016) Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), vol.\u00a000, pp. 770\u2013778.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"5762_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"He X, Golub D (2016) Character-level question answering with attention. In: Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 1598\u20131607. Association for Computational Linguistics.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/D16-1166. http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/D16-1166","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1166"},{"key":"5762_CR11","unstructured":"Kingma DP, Ba J (2014) Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. CoRR abs\/1412.6980 arXiv: org\/abs\/1412.6980"},{"key":"5762_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lukov D, Fischer A, Lehmann J, Auer S (2017) Neural network-based question answering over knowledge graphs on word and character level. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web, WWW 2017, Perth, Australia, April 3\u20137, 2017, pp. 1211\u20131220.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3038912.3052675","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052675"},{"key":"5762_CR13","unstructured":"Mikolov T, Sutskever I, Chen K, Corrado G, Dean J (2013) Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems\u2014Volume 2, NIPS\u201913, pp. 3111\u20133119. Curran Associates Inc., USA.http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=2999792.2999959"},{"key":"5762_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pennington J, Socher R, Manning C (2014) Glove: Global vectors for word representation. In: Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 1532\u20131543. Association for Computational Linguistics.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162. http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/D14-1162","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"5762_CR15","unstructured":"Qu Y, Liu J, Kang L, Shi Q, Ye D (2018) Question answering over freebase via attentive RNN with similarity matrix based CNN. CoRR abs\/1804.03317v2. arXiv: org\/abs\/1804.03317v2"},{"key":"5762_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy S, Lapata M, Steedman M (2014) Large-scale semantic parsing without question-answer pairs. TACL 2, 377\u2013392.http:\/\/dblp.uni-trier.de\/db\/journals\/tacl\/tacl2.html#ReddyLS14","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00190"},{"key":"5762_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803253","volume-title":"Channel Codes: Classical and Modern","author":"W Ryan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ryan W, Lin S (2009) Channel Codes: Classical and Modern. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511803253"},{"key":"5762_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serban IV, Garc\u00eda-Dur\u00e1n A, G\u00fcl\u00e7ehre \u00c7, Ahn S, Chandar S, Courville AC, Bengio Y (2016) Generating factoid questions with recurrent neural networks: The 30m factoid question-answer corpus. CoRR abs\/1603.06807 arXiv:org\/abs\/1603.06807","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1056"},{"key":"5762_CR19","unstructured":"T\u00fcre F, Jojic O (2017) No need to pay attention: Simple recurrent neural networks work! In: Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark, September 9\u201311, 2017, pp. 2866\u20132872.https:\/\/aclanthology.info\/papers\/D17-1307\/d17-1307"},{"issue":"2","key":"5762_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-10-2014-0257","volume":"39","author":"A Uyar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uyar A, Aliyu FM (2015) Evaluating search features of google knowledge graph and bing satori: entity types, list searches and query interfaces. Online Inf Rev 39(2):197\u2013213.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/OIR-10-2014-0257","journal-title":"Online Inf Rev"},{"key":"5762_CR21","unstructured":"Vaswani A, Shazeer N, Parmar N, Uszkoreit J, Jones L, Gomez AN, Kaiser L, Polosukhin I (2017) Attention is all you need. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2017, 4\u20139 December 2017, Long Beach, CA, USA, pp. 6000\u20136010.http:\/\/papers.nips.cc\/paper\/7181-attention-is-all-you-need"},{"key":"5762_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu K, Reddy S, Feng Y, Huang S, Zhao D (2016) Question answering on freebase via relation extraction and textual evidence. In: ACL (1). The Association for Computer Linguistics.http:\/\/dblp.uni-trier.de\/db\/conf\/acl\/acl2016-1.html#XuRFHZ16","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1220"},{"key":"5762_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yih Wt, Chang MW, He X, Gao J (2015) Semantic parsing via staged query graph generation: Question answering with knowledge base. In: Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers), pp. 1321\u20131331. Association for Computational Linguistics.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/v1\/P15-1128. http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/P15-1128","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1128"},{"key":"5762_CR24","unstructured":"Yin W, Yu M, Xiang B, Zhou B, Sch\u00fctze H (2016) Simple question answering by attentive convolutional neural network. In: COLING 2016, 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Proceedings of the Conference: Technical Papers, December 11\u201316, 2016, Osaka, Japan, pp. 1746\u20131756.http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/C\/C16\/C16-1164.pdf"},{"key":"5762_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu M, Yin W, Hasan KS, dos Santos CN, Xiang B, Zhou B (2017) Improved neural relation detection for knowledge base question answering. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2017, Vancouver, Canada, July 30\u2014August 4, Volume 1: Long Papers, pp. 571\u2013581.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/P17-1053","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1053"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-021-05762-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-021-05762-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-021-05762-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T07:38:38Z","timestamp":1625729918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-021-05762-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["5762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-021-05762-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}