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In particular, we are interested in damage detection for concrete structures. Typical image datasets for such problems are relatively small, calling for the transfer of learned representation from a related large-scale dataset. Past efforts of damage detection using images have mainly considered cross-domain transfer learning approaches using pre-trained <jats:sc>ImageNet<\/jats:sc> models that are subsequently fine-tuned for the target task. However, there are rising concerns about the generalizability of <jats:sc>ImageNet<\/jats:sc> representations for specific target domains, such as for visual inspection and medical imaging. We, therefore, evaluate a combination of in-domain and cross-domain transfer learning strategies for damage detection in bridges. We perform comprehensive comparisons to study the impact of cross-domain and in-domain transfer, with various initialization strategies, using six publicly available visual inspection datasets. The pre-trained models are also evaluated for their ability to cope with the extremely low-data regime. We show that the combination of cross-domain and in-domain transfer persistently shows superior performance specially with tiny datasets. Likewise, we also provide visual explanations of predictive models to enable algorithmic transparency and provide insights to experts about the intrinsic decision logic of typically black-box deep models.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-06279-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T04:03:03Z","timestamp":1626148983000},"page":"16921-16936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Damage detection using in-domain and cross-domain transfer learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3037-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaharah A.","family":"Bukhsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1318-8973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1473-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaqib","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"6279_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.09.069","volume":"275","author":"O Abdeljaber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abdeljaber O, Avci O, Kiranyaz MS, Boashash B, Sodano H, Inman DJ (2018) 1-D CNNs for structural damage detection: verification on a structural health monitoring benchmark data. 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