{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:39:14Z","timestamp":1787758754505,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]],"date-time":"2021-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]],"date-time":"2021-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61876209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61876209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC1501301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1501301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput & Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-06361-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]],"date-time":"2021-08-07T10:03:02Z","timestamp":1628330582000},"page":"319-331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Memristor-based circuit implementation of Competitive Neural Network based on online unsupervised Hebbian learning rule for pattern recognition"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Mian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghui","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4909-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"6361_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2014.09.003","volume":"61","author":"J Schmidhuber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schmidhuber J (2015) Deep learning in neural networks: an overview. Neural Netw 61:85","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"6361_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2020.09.003","volume":"546","author":"Y Ji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ji Y, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Liu M (2021) CNN-based encoder-decoder networks for salient object detection: A comprehensive review and recent advances. Inf Sci 546:835","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"issue":"16","key":"6361_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-05813-1","volume":"33","author":"J Poulos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Poulos J, Valle R (2021) Character-based handwritten text transcription with attention networks. Neural Comput Appl 33(16):10563\u201310573","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"issue":"10","key":"6361_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102232","volume":"17","author":"HY Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen HY, Chen CC, Hwang WJ (2017) An efficient hardware circuit for spike sorting based on competitive learning networks. Sensors 17(10):2232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17102232","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"6361_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hasan R, Taha TM (2017) Memristor crossbar based winner take all circuit design for self-organization. In: Proceedings of the neuromorphic computing symposium. ACM, pp 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3183584.3183622","DOI":"10.1145\/3183584.3183622"},{"issue":"1","key":"6361_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1504\/IJICT.2007.013319","volume":"1","author":"LS Wu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wu LS, Jain L (2007) Size invariant shape recognition by modulated competitive neural circuit. Int J Inf Commun Technol 1(1):76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/IJICT.2007.013319","journal-title":"Int J Inf Commun Technol"},{"key":"6361_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang CY, Lin SY, Jeng M (2005) Using a two-layer competitive hopfield neural network for semiconductor wafer defect detection. In: IEEE international conference on automation science and engineering. IEEE, pp 301\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/coase.2005.1506786","DOI":"10.1109\/coase.2005.1506786"},{"issue":"1","key":"6361_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11063-017-9777-1","volume":"49","author":"S Gong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gong S, Yang S, Guo Z, Huang T (2019) Global exponential synchronization of memristive competitive neural networks with time-varying delay via nonlinear control. Neural Process Lett 49(1):103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11063-017-9777-1","journal-title":"Neural Process Lett"},{"issue":"6197","key":"6361_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254642","volume":"345","author":"PA Merolla","year":"2014","unstructured":"Merolla PA, Arthur JV, Alvarez-Icaza R et al (2014) A million spiking-neuron integrated circuit with a scalable communication network and interface. Science 345(6197):668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1254642","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"6361_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90039-8","volume":"4","author":"SP Eberhardt","year":"1991","unstructured":"Eberhardt SP, Daud T, Kerns D, Brown TX, Thakoor A (1991) Competitive neural architecture for hardware solution to the assignment problem. Neural Netw 4(4):431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90039-8","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"key":"6361_CR11","unstructured":"Oniga S, Tisan A, Attila B, Lung C (2007) Hardware implementation of simple competitive artificial neural networks with neuron parallelism. In: Proceedings of regional conference on embedded and ambient systems, RCEAS, pp 27\u201332"},{"issue":"5","key":"6361_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1109\/72.788661","volume":"10","author":"T Asai","year":"1999","unstructured":"Asai T, Ohtani M, Yonezu H (1999) Analog integrated circuits for the Lotka\u2013Volterra competitive neural networks. IEEE Trans Neural Networks 10(5):1222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/72.788661","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Networks"},{"issue":"5","key":"6361_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2010.2041671","volume":"21","author":"Y Fang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fang Y, Cohen MA, Kincaid TG (2010) Dynamic analysis of a general class of winner-take-all competitive neural networks. IEEE Trans Neural Networks 21(5):771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNN.2010.2041671","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Networks"},{"issue":"3","key":"6361_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1109\/4.102684","volume":"25","author":"PW Hollis","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hollis PW, Paulos JJ (1990) Artificial neural networks using MOS analog multipliers. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits 25(3):849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/4.102684","journal-title":"IEEE J Solid-State Circuits"},{"issue":"5","key":"6361_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1109\/TCT.1971.1083337","volume":"18","author":"L Chua","year":"1971","unstructured":"Chua L (1971) Memristor-the missing circuit element. IEEE Trans Circuit Theory 18(5):507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCT.1971.1083337","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuit Theory"},{"issue":"7191","key":"6361_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06932","volume":"453","author":"DB Strukov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Strukov DB, Snider GS, Stewart DR, Williams RS (2008) The missing memristor found. Nature 453(7191):80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature06932","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"6361_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TC04903C","volume":"7","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Yan X, Zhao J et al (2019) Synapse behavior characterization and physical mechanism of a TiN\/SiO x\/p-Si tunneling memristor device. J Mater Chem C 7(6):1561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C8TC04903C","journal-title":"J Mater Chem C"},{"issue":"5","key":"6361_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2011.2105887","volume":"10","author":"KD Cantley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cantley KD, Subramaniam A, Stiegler HJ, Chapman RA, Vogel EM (2011) Hebbian learning in spiking neural networks with nanocrystalline silicon TFTs and memristive synapses. IEEE Trans Nanotechnol 10(5):1066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNANO.2011.2105887","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Nanotechnol"},{"issue":"8","key":"6361_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3054","volume":"10","author":"T Ohno","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ohno T, Hasegawa T, Tsuruoka T, Terabe K, Gimzewski JK, Aono M (2011) Short-term plasticity and long-term potentiation mimicked in single inorganic synapses. Nat Mater 10(8):591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmat3054","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"issue":"4","key":"6361_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1021\/nl904092h","volume":"10","author":"SH Jo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jo SH, Chang T, Ebong I, Bhadviya BB, Mazumder P, Lu W (2010) Nanoscale memristor device as synapse in neuromorphic systems. Nano Lett 10(4):1297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/nl904092h","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"6361_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2018.06.062","volume":"314","author":"L Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao L, Hong Q, Wang X (2018) Novel designs of spiking neuron circuit and STDP learning circuit based on memristor. Neurocomputing 314:207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neucom.2018.06.062","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"1","key":"6361_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05480-0","volume":"7","author":"G Pedretti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pedretti G, Milo V, Ambrogio S et al (2017) Memristive neural network for on-line learning and tracking with brain-inspired spike timing dependent plasticity. Sci Rep 7(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-05480-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"6361_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8522","volume":"6","author":"S Hu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hu S, Liu Y, Liu Z, Chen T, Wang J, Yu Q, Deng L, Yin Y, Hosaka S (2015) Associative memory realized by a reconfigurable memristive Hopfield neural network. Nat Commun 6(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms8522","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"6361_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2015.2440102","volume":"62","author":"D Garbin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garbin D, Vianello E, Bichler O, Rafhay Q, Gamrat C, Ghibaudo G, DeSalvo B, Perniola L (2015) HfO 2-based OxRAM devices as synapses for convolutional neural networks. IEEE Trans Electron Devices 62(8):2494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TED.2015.2440102","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Electron Devices"},{"issue":"1","key":"6361_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-018-0001-4","volume":"1","author":"C Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li C, Wang Z, Rao M, Belkin D, Song W, Jiang H, Yan P, Li Y, Lin P, Hu M et al (2019) Long short-term memory networks in memristor crossbar arrays. Nat Mach Intell 1(1):49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42256-018-0001-4","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"6361_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07757-y","volume":"9","author":"M Prezioso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prezioso M, Mahmoodi M, Bayat FM, Nili H, Kim H, Vincent A, Strukov D (2018) Spike-timing-dependent plasticity learning of coincidence detection with passively integrated memristive circuits. Nat Commun 9(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-07757-y","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6361_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-04755-4","volume":"32","author":"L Qu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qu L, Zhao Z, Wang L, Wang Y (2020) Efficient and hardware-friendly methods to implement competitive learning for spiking neural networks. Neural Comput\u00a0 Appl 32:13479\u201313490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-020-04755-4","journal-title":"Neural Comput\u00a0 Appl"},{"key":"6361_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2020.3018777","author":"Q Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong Q, Yan R, Wang C, Sun J (2020) Memristive circuit implementation of biological nonassociative learning mechanism and its applications. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBCAS.2020.3018777","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"6361_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"013503","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5027776","volume":"113","author":"X Yan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yan X, Wang J, Zhao M, Li X, Wang H, Zhang L, Lu C, Ren D (2018) Artificial electronic synapse characteristics of a Ta\/Ta2O5-x\/Al2O3\/InGaZnO4 memristor device on flexible stainless steel substrate. Appl Phys Lett 113(1):013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.5027776","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"6361_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27033-9","volume":"8","author":"M Hansen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hansen M, Zahari F, Kohlstedt H, Ziegler M (2018) Unsupervised Hebbian learning experimentally realized with analogue memristive crossbar arrays. Sci Rep 8(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-27033-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6361_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00186","volume":"7","author":"S Yu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yu S, Gao B, Fang Z, Yu H, Kang J, Wong HSP (2013) Stochastic learning in oxide binary synaptic device for neuromorphic computing. Front Neurosci 7:186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2013.00186","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6361_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12611","volume":"7","author":"A Serb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Serb A, Bill J, Khiat A, Berdan R, Legenstein R, Prodromakis T (2016) Unsupervised learning in probabilistic neural networks with multi-state metal-oxide memristive synapses. Nat Commun 7(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms12611","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"6361_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2018.2812419","volume":"65","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Huang P, Zhu D et al (2018) Design and hardware implementation of neuromorphic systems with RRAM synapses and threshold-controlled neurons for pattern recognition. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I Regul Pap 65(9):2726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSI.2018.2812419","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I Regul Pap"},{"issue":"2","key":"6361_CR34","first-page":"210","volume":"18","author":"Z Biolek","year":"2009","unstructured":"Biolek Z, Biolek D, Biolkova V (2009) SPICE model of memristor with nonlinear dopant drift. Radioengineering 18(2):210","journal-title":"Radioengineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"6361_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2012.2215714","volume":"60","author":"S Kvatinsky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kvatinsky S, Friedman EG, Kolodny A, Weiser UC (2012) TEAM: threshold adaptive memristor model. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I Regul Pap 60(1):211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSI.2012.2215714","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I Regul Pap"},{"issue":"7","key":"6361_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2016.2605069","volume":"64","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wang X, Li Y, Friedman EG (2016) Memristive model for synaptic circuits. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II Express Briefs 64(7):767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSII.2016.2605069","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II Express Briefs"},{"key":"6361_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01619","volume":"3","author":"Y Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhong Y, Xu L, Zhang J, Xu X, Sun H, Miao X (2013) Ultrafast synaptic events in a chalcogenide memristor. Sci Rep 3:1619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep01619","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6361_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4906","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04906","volume":"4","author":"Y Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhong Y, Zhang J, Xu L, Wang Q, Sun H, Tong H, Cheng X, Miao X (2014) Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity of a chalcogenide electronic synapse for neuromorphic systems. Sci Rep 4:4906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep04906","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6361_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hebb DO (2005) The organization of behavior: a neuropsychological theory. Taylor and Francis, London","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410612403"},{"issue":"4","key":"6361_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2014.2356439","volume":"62","author":"M Chu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chu M, Kim B, Park S, Hwang H, Jeon M, Lee BH, Lee BG (2015) Neuromorphic hardware system for visual pattern recognition with memristor array and CMOS neuron. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 62(4):2410\u20132419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIE.2014.2356439","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Electron"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-021-06361-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-021-06361-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-021-06361-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T11:14:41Z","timestamp":1641813281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-021-06361-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["6361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-021-06361-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}