{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T02:40:29Z","timestamp":1781836829803,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"agency for science, technology and research","award":["A19E3b0099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A19E3b0099"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput &amp; Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-022-07202-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T11:03:26Z","timestamp":1650884606000},"page":"15555-15573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Fast homomorphic SVM inference on encrypted data"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7759-7368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Al Badawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saru","family":"Vig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"7202_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1050.0123","volume":"24","author":"D Cui","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cui D, Curry D (2005) Prediction in marketing using the support vector machine. Market Sci 24(4):595\u2013615","journal-title":"Market Sci"},{"key":"7202_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2014.05.284","volume":"31","author":"H Yu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yu H, Chen R, Zhang G (2014) A SVM stock selection model within PCA. Proc Comput Sci 31:406\u2013412","journal-title":"Proc Comput Sci"},{"key":"7202_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9767","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2794346","volume":"6","author":"C Venkatesan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Venkatesan C, Karthigaikumar P, Paul A, Satheeskumaran S, Kumar R (2018) ECG signal preprocessing and SVM classifier-based abnormality detection in remote healthcare applications. IEEE Access 6:9767\u20139773","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"7202_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ribeiro M, Grolinger K, Capretz MAM (2015) MLaaS: Machine learning as a service. In: 2015 IEEE 14th international conference on machine learning and applications (ICMLA), pp 896\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICMLA.2015.152","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA.2015.152"},{"key":"7202_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gentry C (2009) Fully homomorphic encryption using ideal lattices. In: STOC \u201909. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, pp 169\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1536414.1536440","DOI":"10.1145\/1536414.1536440"},{"key":"7202_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maekawa T, Kawamura A, Kinoshita Y, Kiya H (2018) Privacy-preserving svm computing in the encrypted domain. In: Asia-Pacific signal and information processing association annual summit and conference (APSIPA ASC). IEEE, pp 897\u2013902","DOI":"10.23919\/APSIPA.2018.8659529"},{"key":"7202_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chuman T, Kurihara K, Kiya H (2017) Security evaluation for block scrambling-based ETC systems against extended jigsaw puzzle solver attacks. In: 2017 IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo (ICME), pp 229\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICME.2017.8019487","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2017.8019487"},{"issue":"5","key":"7202_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2013.51","volume":"11","author":"Y Rahulamathavan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rahulamathavan Y, Phan RCW, Veluru S, Cumanan K, Rajarajan M (2014) Privacy-preserving multi-class support vector machine for outsourcing the data classification in cloud. IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput 11(5):467\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TDSC.2013.51","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput"},{"key":"7202_CR9","first-page":"857","volume":"2017","author":"A Barnett","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barnett A, Santokhi J, Simpson M, Smart NP, Stainton-Bygrave C, Vivek S et al (2017) Image classification using non-linear support vector machines on encrypted data. IACR Cryptol ePrint Arch 2017:857","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol ePrint Arch"},{"key":"7202_CR10","unstructured":"Krizhevsky A, Nair V, Hinton G (2010) Cifar-10 (canadian institute for advanced research), vol 5, no. 4. http:\/\/www.cs.toronto.edu\/kriz\/cifar.html"},{"issue":"3","key":"7202_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2633600","volume":"6","author":"Z Brakerski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brakerski Z, Gentry C, Vaikuntanathan V (2014) (Leveled) fully homomorphic encryption without bootstrapping. ACM Trans Comput Theory 6(3):1\u201336","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput Theory"},{"key":"7202_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70694-8_15","volume-title":"Advances in cryptology \u2013 ASIACRYPT 2017. ASIACRYPT 2017. Lecture notes in computer science","author":"JH Cheon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheon JH, Kim A, Kim M, Song Y (2017) Homomorphic encryption for arithmetic of approximate numbers. In: Takagi T, Peyrin T (eds) Advances in cryptology \u2013 ASIACRYPT 2017. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 10624. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-70694-8_15"},{"key":"7202_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57414","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2981818","volume":"8","author":"S Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park S, Byun J, Lee J, Cheon JH, Lee J (2020) HE-friendly algorithm for privacy-preserving SVM training. IEEE Access 8:57414\u201357425","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"7202_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1049\/ell2.12047","volume":"57","author":"J Byun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Byun J, Lee J, Park S (2021) Privacy-preserving evaluation for support vector clustering. Electron Lett 57(2):61\u201364","journal-title":"Electron Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"7202_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2015.2407157","volume":"20","author":"X Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu X, Lu R, Ma J, Chen L, Qin B (2016) Privacy-preserving patient-centric clinical decision support system on Na\u00efve Bayesian classification. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 20(2):655\u2013668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2015.2407157","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"issue":"3","key":"7202_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1109\/TCBB.2016.2515610","volume":"13","author":"Y Gong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gong Y, Fang Y, Guo Y (2016) Private data analytics on biomedical sensing data via distributed computation. IEEE\/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform 13(3):431\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCBB.2016.2515610","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform"},{"issue":"3","key":"7202_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2016.2548248","volume":"21","author":"H Zhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhu H, Liu X, Lu R, Li H (2017) Efficient and privacy-preserving online medical prediagnosis framework using nonlinear SVM. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 21(3):838\u2013850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2016.2548248","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"key":"7202_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Teo SG, Han S, Lee VC (2013) Privacy preserving support vector machine using non-linear kernels on hadoop mahout. In: 2013 IEEE 16th international conference on computational science and engineering, pp 941\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CSE.2013.200","DOI":"10.1109\/CSE.2013.200"},{"issue":"5","key":"7202_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2013.51","volume":"11","author":"Y Rahulamathavan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rahulamathavan Y, Phan RCW, Veluru S, Cumanan K, Rajarajan M (2013) Privacy-preserving multi-class support vector machine for outsourcing the data classification in cloud. IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput 11(5):467\u2013479","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Dependable Secure Comput"},{"key":"7202_CR20","unstructured":"Weber M, Domeniconi G, Chen J, Weidele DKI, Bellei C, Robinson T et\u00a0al (2019) Anti-money laundering in bitcoin: Experimenting with graph convolutional networks for financial forensics. arXiv preprint. arXiv:1908.02591"},{"key":"7202_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13190-5_2","volume-title":"Advances in cryptology \u2013 EUROCRYPT 2010. Lecture notes in computer science","author":"M van Dijk","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Dijk M, Gentry C, Halevi S, Vaikuntanathan V (2010) Fully homomorphic encryption over the integers. In: Gilbert H (ed) Advances in cryptology \u2013 EUROCRYPT 2010. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 6110. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-13190-5_2"},{"issue":"2","key":"7202_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1137\/120868669","volume":"43","author":"Z Brakerski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brakerski Z, Vaikuntanathan V (2011) Efficient fully homomorphic encryption from (standard) LWE. SIAM J Comput 43(2):831\u2013871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1137\/120868669","journal-title":"SIAM J Comput"},{"key":"7202_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22792-9_29","volume-title":"Advances in cryptology \u2013 CRYPTO 2011. Lecture notes in computer science","author":"Z Brakerski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brakerski Z, Vaikuntanathan V (2011) Fully homomorphic encryption from ring-LWE and security for key dependent messages. In: Rogaway P (ed) Advances in cryptology \u2013 CRYPTO 2011. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 6841. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-22792-9_29"},{"key":"7202_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brakerski Z (2012) Fully homomorphic encryption without modulus switching from classical GapSVP. In: Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 078. http:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2012\/078. Accessed 1 Mar 2021","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32009-5_50"},{"key":"7202_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1145\/2213977.2214086","volume-title":"Proceedings of the forty-fourth annual ACM symposium on theory of computing (STOC '12)","author":"A L\u00f3pez-Alt","year":"2012","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Alt A, Tromer E, Vaikuntanathan V (2012) On-the-fly multiparty computation on the cloud via multikey fully homomorphic encryption. In: Proceedings of the forty-fourth annual ACM symposium on theory of computing (STOC '12). Association for computing Machinery, New York, USA, pp. 1219\u20131234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2213977.2214086"},{"key":"7202_CR26","unstructured":"Fan J, Vercauteren F (2012) Somewhat practical fully homomorphic encryption. In: Cryptology ePrint archive, Report \/144. http:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2012\/144. Accessed 1 Mar 2021"},{"key":"7202_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40041-4_5","volume-title":"Advances in cryptology \u2013 CRYPTO 2013. Lecture notes in computer science","author":"C Gentry","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gentry C, Sahai A, Waters B (2013) Homomorphic encryption from learning with errors: conceptually-simpler, asymptotically-faster, attribute-based. In: Canetti R, Garay JA (eds) Advances in cryptology \u2013 CRYPTO 2013. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 8042. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 75\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-40041-4_5"},{"key":"7202_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chillotti I, Gama N, Georgieva M, Izabach\u00e8ne M (2016) Faster fully homomorphic encryption: bootstrapping in less than 0.1 seconds. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2016\/870. http:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2016\/870. Accessed 23 Mar 2021","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-53887-6_1"},{"key":"7202_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-10970-7_16","volume-title":"Selected areas in cryptography \u2013 SAC 2018. Lecture notes in computer Science","author":"JH Cheon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheon JH, Han K, Kim A, Kim M, Song Y (2019) A full RNS variant of approximate homomorphic encryption. In: Cid C, Jacobson M Jr (eds) Selected areas in cryptography \u2013 SAC 2018. Lecture notes in computer Science, vol 11349. Springer, Cham, pp 347\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-10970-7_16"},{"issue":"4","key":"7202_CR30","first-page":"7","volume":"175","author":"K Potdar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Potdar K, Pardawala TS, Pai CD (2017) A comparative study of categorical variable encoding techniques for neural network classifiers. Int J Comput Appl 175(4):7\u20139","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"7202_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10623-012-9720-4","volume":"71","author":"NP Smart","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smart NP, Vercauteren F (2014) Fully homomorphic SIMD operations. Des Codes Cryptogr 71(1):57\u201381","journal-title":"Des Codes Cryptogr"},{"key":"7202_CR32","unstructured":"Brutzkus A, Gilad-Bachrach R, Elisha O (2019) Low latency privacy preserving inference. In: Proceedings of the 36th international conference on machine learning. Proceedings of machine learning research, vol 97, pp 812\u2013821. https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v97\/brutzkus19a.html"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7202_CR33.1","unstructured":"Jin C, Badawi AA, Unnikrishnan B, Lin J, Mun CF, Brown JM et\u00a0al (2019) CareNets: efficient homomorphic CNN for high resolution images. In: NeurIPS workshop on privacy in machine learning. NeurIPS"},{"key":"#cr-split#-7202_CR33.2","unstructured":"2019, pp 1-6. https:\/\/oar.a-star.edu.sg\/communities-collections\/articles\/14613. Accessed 25 Mar 2021"},{"key":"7202_CR34","unstructured":"Gilad-Bachrach R, Dowlin N, Laine K, Lauter K, Naehrig M, Wernsing J (2016) CryptoNets: applying neural networks to encrypted data with high throughput and accuracy. In: Proceedings of the 33rd international conference on machine learning. Proceedings of machine learning research, vol 48, pp 201\u2013210. https:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v48\/gilad-bachrach16.html"},{"issue":"3","key":"7202_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2020.3014636","volume":"9","author":"A AlBadawi","year":"2020","unstructured":"AlBadawi A et al (2020) Towards the alexNet moment for homomorphic encryption: HCNN, the first homomorphic CNN on encrypted data with GPUs. IEEE Trans Emerg Top Comput 9(3):1330\u20131343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TETC.2020.3014636","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Emerg Top Comput"},{"key":"7202_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halevi S, Shoup V (2014) Algorithms in helib. In: Annual cryptology conference. Springer, pp 554\u2013571","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44371-2_31"},{"issue":"3","key":"7202_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1515\/jmc-2015-0016","volume":"9","author":"MR Albrecht","year":"2015","unstructured":"Albrecht MR, Player R, Scott S (2015) On the concrete hardness of learning with errors. J Math Cryptol 9(3):169\u2013203","journal-title":"J Math Cryptol"},{"key":"7202_CR38","first-page":"939","volume":"2019","author":"MR Albrecht","year":"2019","unstructured":"Albrecht MR, Chase M, Chen H, Ding J, Goldwasser S, Gorbunov S et al (2019) Homomorphic encryption standard. IACR Cryptol ePrint Arch 2019:939","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol ePrint Arch"},{"key":"7202_CR39","unstructured":"Chrono.: C++ Chrono time library. http:\/\/en.cppreference.com\/w\/cpp\/chrono. Accessed 2021 Online"},{"key":"7202_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1145\/2935764.2935796","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th ACM symposium on parallelism in algorithms and architectures (SPAA '16)","author":"T Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown T, Kogan A, Lev Y, Luchangco V (2016) Investigating the performance of hardware transactions on a multi-socket machine. In: Proceedings of the 28th ACM symposium on parallelism in algorithms and architectures (SPAA '16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 121\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2935764.2935796"},{"issue":"8","key":"7202_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2014.2361511","volume":"64","author":"S Bardhan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bardhan S, Menasc\u00e9 DA (2014) Predicting the effect of memory contention in multi-core computers using analytic performance models. IEEE Trans Comput 64(8):2279\u20132292","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput"},{"key":"7202_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3407023.3407045","volume-title":"MP2ML: a mixed-protocol machine learning framework for private inference","author":"F Boemer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boemer F, Cammarota R, Demmler D, Schneider T, Yalame H (2020) MP2ML: a mixed-protocol machine learning framework for private inference. In Proceedings of the 15th international conference on availability, reliability and security (ARES '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3407023.3407045"},{"issue":"2","key":"7202_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2019.2902799","volume":"9","author":"A Al Badawi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al Badawi A, Polyakov Y, Aung KMM, Veeravalli B, Rohloff K (2019) Implementation and performance evaluation of RNS variants of the BFV homomorphic encryption scheme. IEEE Trans Emerg Top Comput 9(2):941\u2013956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TETC.2019.2902799","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Emerg Top Comput"},{"key":"7202_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226544","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3045465","volume":"8","author":"A Al Badawi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al Badawi A, Hoang L, Mun CF, Laine K, Aung KMM (2020) Privft: private and fast text classification with homomorphic encryption. IEEE Access 8:226544\u2013226556","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-022-07202-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-022-07202-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-022-07202-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T18:25:49Z","timestamp":1662056749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-022-07202-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["7202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-022-07202-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}