{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T06:07:34Z","timestamp":1780726054014,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.U21A20491 No.U1936109, No.U1908214, No.KLSA201906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.U21A20491 No.U1936109, No.U1908214, No.KLSA201906"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput &amp; Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-023-09138-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T15:03:42Z","timestamp":1700492622000},"page":"2015-2028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reinforcement learning from constraints and focal entity shifting in conversational KGQA"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7558-3031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xirong","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haochen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"9138_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abujabal A, Roy RS, Yahya M et\u00a0al (2017a) Quint: interpretable question answering over knowledge bases. In: Proceedings of the 2017 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP), pp 61\u201366 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/D17-2011","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-2011"},{"key":"9138_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abujabal A, Yahya M, Riedewald M et\u00a0al (2017b) Automated template generation for question answering over knowledge graphs. In: Proceedings of the 26th international conference on world wide web, pp 1191\u20131200 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3038912.3052583","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052583"},{"key":"9138_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bast H, Haussmann E (2015) More accurate question answering on freebase. In: Proceedings of the 24th ACM international on conference on information and knowledge management (CIKM), pp 1431\u20131440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2806416.2806472","DOI":"10.1145\/2806416.2806472"},{"key":"9138_CR4","unstructured":"Berant J, Chou A, Frostig R et\u00a0al (2013) Semantic parsing on freebase from question\u2013answer pairs. In: Proceedings of the 2013 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP), pp 1533\u20131544. http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/P15-1128"},{"key":"9138_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christmann P, Saha\u00a0Roy R, Abujabal A et\u00a0al (2019) Look before you hop: conversational question answering over knowledge graphs using judicious context expansion. In: Proceedings of the 28th ACM international conference on information and knowledge management, pp 729\u2013738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3357384.3358016","DOI":"10.1145\/3357384.3358016"},{"key":"9138_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Das R, Dhuliawala S, Zaheer M et\u00a0al (2018) Go for a walk and arrive at the answer: Reasoning over paths in knowledge bases using reinforcement learning. In: Proceedings of the international conference on learning representations (ICLR), pp 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1711.05851","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1711.05851"},{"key":"9138_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Devlin J, Chang MW, Lee K et\u00a0al (2019) Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the north American chapter of the association for computational linguistics (NAACL), pp 4171\u20134186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/N19-1423","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1423"},{"issue":"12","key":"9138_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5276","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2022.3171844","volume":"30","author":"H Fang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fang H, Tu Y, Wang H et al (2022) Fuzzy-based adaptive optimization of unknown discrete-time nonlinear Markov jump systems with off-policy reinforcement learning. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 30(12):5276\u20135290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TFUZZ.2022.3171844","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst"},{"key":"9138_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2022.3186886","author":"H Fang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fang H, Zhang M, He S et al (2022) Solving the zero-sum control problem for tidal turbine system: an online reinforcement learning approach. IEEE Trans Cybern. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCYB.2022.3186886","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybern"},{"key":"9138_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ferragina P, Scaiella U (2010) Tagme: on-the-fly annotation of short text fragments (by wikipedia entities). In: Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management (CIKM), pp 1625\u20131628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1871437.1871689","DOI":"10.1145\/1871437.1871689"},{"key":"9138_CR11","unstructured":"Guo D, Tang D, Duan N et\u00a0al (2018) Dialog-to-action: conversational question answering over a large-scale knowledge base. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, vol\u00a031. Curran Associates, Inc., pp 2946\u20132955. https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/2018\/file\/d63fbf8c3173730f82b150c5ef38b8ff-Paper.pdf"},{"key":"9138_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"He G, Lan Y, Jiang J et\u00a0al (2021) Improving multi-hop knowledge base question answering by learning intermediate supervision signals. In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on web search and data mining, pp 553\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3437963.3441753","DOI":"10.1145\/3437963.3441753"},{"key":"9138_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jia Z, Pramanik S, Saha\u00a0Roy R et\u00a0al (2021) Complex temporal question answering on knowledge graphs. In: Proceedings of the 30th ACM international conference on information and knowledge management (CIKM), pp 792\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3459637.3482416","DOI":"10.1145\/3459637.3482416"},{"key":"9138_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kacupaj E, Plepi J, Singh K et\u00a0al (2021) Conversational question answering over knowledge graphs with transformer and graph attention networks. In: Proceedings of the 16th conference of the European chapter of the association for computational linguistics (EACL), pp 850\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2021.eacl-main.72","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.eacl-main.72"},{"key":"9138_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaiser M, Saha\u00a0Roy R, Weikum G (2021) Reinforcement learning from reformulations in conversational question answering over knowledge graphs. In: Proceedings of the 44th international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval, pp 459\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3404835.3462859","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3462859"},{"key":"9138_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kingma DP, Ba J (2015) ADAM: a method for stochastic optimization. In: Proceedings of the international conference on learning representations (ICLR) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1412.6980","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1412.6980"},{"key":"9138_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar V, Joshi S (2017) Incomplete follow-up question resolution using retrieval based sequence to sequence learning. In: Proceedings of the 40th international acm sigir conference on research and development in information retrieval, pp 705\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3077136.3080801","DOI":"10.1145\/3077136.3080801"},{"key":"9138_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lan Y, Jiang J (2020) Query graph generation for answering multi-hop complex questions from knowledge bases. In: Association for computational linguistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.91","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.91"},{"key":"9138_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lan Y, Jiang J (2021) Modeling transitions of focal entities for conversational knowledge base question answering. In: Proceedings of the 59th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics and the 11th international joint conference on natural language processing, pp 3288\u20133297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.255","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.255"},{"key":"9138_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lan Y, He G, Jiang J et\u00a0al (2021) A survey on complex knowledge base question answering: methods, challenges and solutions. In: Proceedings of the thirtieth international joint conference on artificial intelligence (IJCAI), pp 4483\u20134491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/611","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/611"},{"key":"9138_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li J, Xiong D (2022) KAFSP: knowledge-aware fuzzy semantic parsing for conversational question answering over a large-scale knowledge base. In: Proceedings of the 60th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, pp 461\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.35","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.35"},{"key":"9138_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin XV, Xiong C, Socher R (2018) Multi-hop knowledge graph reasoning with reward shaping. In: Proceedings of the 2018 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP), pp 3243\u20133253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/D18-1362","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1362"},{"key":"9138_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luo K, Lin F, Luo X et\u00a0al (2018) Knowledge base question answering via encoding of complex query graphs. In: Proceedings of the 2018 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP), pp 2185\u20132194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/D18-1242","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1242"},{"key":"9138_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maheshwari G, Trivedi P, Lukovnikov D et\u00a0al (2019) Learning to rank query graphs for complex question answering over knowledge graphs. In: International semantic web conference, Springer, pp 487\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-30793-6_28","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30793-6_28"},{"key":"9138_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marion P, Nowak PK, Piccinno F (2021) Structured context and high-coverage grammar for conversational question answering over knowledge graphs. In: Proceedings of the 2021 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP), pp 8813\u20138829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.695","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.695"},{"key":"9138_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Plepi J, Kacupaj E, Singh K et\u00a0al (2021) Context transformer with stacked pointer networks for conversational question answering over knowledge graphs. In: The semantic web: 18th international conference, ESWC 2021, virtual event, June 6\u201310, 2021, Proceedings, Springer, pp 356\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-77385-4_21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77385-4_21"},{"key":"9138_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qiu Y, Zhang K, Wang Y et\u00a0al (2020) Hierarchical query graph generation for complex question answering over knowledge graph. In: Proceedings of the 29th ACM international conference on information & knowledge management (CIKM), pp 1285\u20131294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3340531.3411888","DOI":"10.1145\/3340531.3411888"},{"key":"9138_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qu C, Yang L, Qiu M et\u00a0al (2019) Bert with history answer embedding for conversational question answering. In: Proceedings of the 42nd international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval, pp 1133\u20131136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3331184.3331341","DOI":"10.1145\/3331184.3331341"},{"key":"9138_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ren G, Ni X, Malik M et\u00a0al (2018) Conversational query understanding using sequence to sequence modeling. In: Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference, pp 1715\u20131724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3178876.3186083","DOI":"10.1145\/3178876.3186083"},{"key":"9138_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saha A, Pahuja V, Khapra M et\u00a0al (2018) Complex sequential question answering: towards learning to converse over linked question answer pairs with a knowledge graph. In: Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11332","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11332"},{"key":"9138_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shi J, Cao S, Hou L et\u00a0al (2021) Transfernet: an effective and transparent framework for multi-hop question answering over relation graph. In: Proceedings of the 2021 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP), pp 4149\u20134158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.341","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.341"},{"key":"9138_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vakulenko S, Longpre S, Tu Z et\u00a0al (2021) Question rewriting for conversational question answering. In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on web search and data mining (WSDM), pp 355\u2013363 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3437963.3441748","DOI":"10.1145\/3437963.3441748"},{"issue":"10","key":"9138_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1145\/2629489","volume":"57","author":"D Vrande\u010di\u0107","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vrande\u010di\u0107 D, Kr\u00f6tzsch M (2014) Wikidata: a free collaborative knowledgebase. Commun ACM 57(10):78\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2629489","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"9138_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiong W, Hoang T, Wang WY (2017) Deeppath: a reinforcement learning method for knowledge graph reasoning. In: Proceedings of the 2017 conference on Empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP), pp 564\u2013573 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/D17-1060","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1060"},{"key":"9138_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yih Wt, Chang MW, He X et\u00a0al (2015) Semantic parsing via staged query graph generation: Question answering with knowledge base. In: Proceedings of the 53rd annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics and the 7th international joint conference on natural language processing. Association for computational linguistics, pp 1321\u20131331 http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/P15-1128","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1128"},{"issue":"12","key":"9138_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-022-01744-y","volume":"64","author":"M Zaib","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zaib M, Zhang WE, Sheng QZ et al (2022) Conversational question answering: a survey. Knowl Inf Syst 64(12):3151\u20133195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10115-022-01744-y","journal-title":"Knowl Inf Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"9138_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2022.102933","volume":"59","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Weng X, Zhou G et al (2022) ARL: an adaptive reinforcement learning framework for complex question answering over knowledge base. Inf Process Manag 59(3):102933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ipm.2022.102933","journal-title":"Inf Process Manag"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-023-09138-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-023-09138-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-023-09138-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T18:20:10Z","timestamp":1704997210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-023-09138-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["9138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-023-09138-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 September 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}