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However, diversity of languages hinders development of generic predictors that can precisely identify hate content. Several language-specific hate speech detection predictors have been developed for most common languages including English, Chinese and German. Specifically, for Urdu language a few predictors have been developed and these predictors lack in predictive performance. The paper in hand presents a precise and explainable deep learning predictor which makes use of advanced language modelling strategies for the extraction of semantic and discriminative patterns. Extracted patterns are utilized to train an attention-based novel classifier that is competent in precisely identifying hate content. Over coarse-grained benchmark dataset, the proposed predictor significantly outperforms state-of-the-art predictor by 8.7% in terms of accuracy, precision and F1-score. Similarly, over fine-grained dataset, in comparison with state-of-the-art predictor, it achieves performance gain of 10.6%, 17.6%, 18.6% and 17.6% in terms of accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-023-09169-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T07:02:18Z","timestamp":1701154938000},"page":"3077-3100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Passion-Net: a robust precise and explainable predictor for hate speech detection in Roman Urdu text"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Faiza","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hina","family":"Ghafoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3062-9996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Nabeel","family":"Asim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Usman","family":"Ghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waqar","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Dengel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"9169_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathew B, Dutt R, Goyal P, Mukherjee A (2019) Spread of hate speech in online social media. 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