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However, current signature verification systems are often difficult to explain, which can limit their acceptance in these applications. In this paper, we propose a novel explainable offline automatic signature verifier (ASV) to support forensic handwriting examiners. Our ASV is based on a universal background model (UBM) constructed from offline signature images. It allows us to assign a questioned signature to the UBM and to a reference set of known signatures using simple distance measures. This makes it possible to explain the verifier\u2019s decision in a way that is understandable to non-experts. We evaluated our ASV on publicly available databases and found that it achieves competitive performance with state-of-the-art ASVs, even when challenging 1 versus 1 comparisons are considered. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to develop an explainable ASV that is also competitive in terms of performance. We believe that our ASV has the potential to improve the acceptance of signature verification in critical applications such as forensic science and legal judgments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-023-09192-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T14:04:17Z","timestamp":1700489057000},"page":"2411-2427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Explainable offline automatic signature verifier to support forensic handwriting examiners"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3878-3867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moises","family":"Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2924-1225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0883-2691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gennaro","family":"Vessio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"9192_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52138","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2870052","volume":"6","author":"A Adadi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adadi A, Berrada M (2018) Peeking inside the black-box: a survey on explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). 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