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In this article, we propose TypeFormer, a novel transformer architecture to model free-text keystroke dynamics performed on mobile devices for the purpose of user authentication. The proposed model consists in temporal and channel modules enclosing two long short-term memory recurrent layers, Gaussian range encoding, a multi-head self-attention mechanism, and a block-recurrent transformer layer. Experimenting on one of the largest public databases to date, the Aalto mobile keystroke database, TypeFormer outperforms current state-of-the-art systems achieving equal error rate values of 3.25% using only five enrolment sessions of 50 keystrokes each. In such way, we contribute to reducing the traditional performance gap of the challenging mobile free-text scenario with respect to its desktop and fixed-text counterparts. To highlight the design rationale, an analysis of the experimental results of the different modules implemented in the development of TypeFormer is carried out. Additionally, we analyse the behaviour of the model with different experimental configurations such as the length of the keystroke sequences and the amount of enrolment sessions, showing margin for improvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-024-10140-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T18:32:12Z","timestamp":1722364332000},"page":"18531-18545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["TypeFormer: transformers for mobile keystroke biometrics"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5949-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Stragapede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3776-2354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Delgado-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9393-3066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben","family":"Tolosana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6338-8511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben","family":"Vera-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7535-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Guest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7268-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aythami","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"10140_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2019.103281","volume":"87","author":"HF Thariq Ahmed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thariq Ahmed HF, Ahmad H (2020) Device free human gesture recognition using Wi-Fi CSI: a survey. 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