{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:36:39Z","timestamp":1783524999267,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput &amp; Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-024-10170-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T11:02:12Z","timestamp":1723287732000},"page":"19989-20009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Deep reinforcement learning-based robust nonlinear controller for photovoltaic systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Amir","family":"Veisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2538-8801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadi","family":"Delavari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"10170_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veisi A and Delavari H (2021), Adaptive fractional order control of photovoltaic power generation system with disturbance observer. In: 2021 7th international conference on control, instrumentation and automation (ICCIA), IEEE, p 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIA52082.2021.9403598"},{"issue":"15","key":"10170_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21140","DOI":"10.1002\/er.7168","volume":"45","author":"J Mannan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mannan J, Kamran MA, Ali MU, Mannan MMN (2021) Quintessential strategy to operate photovoltaic system coupled with dual battery storage and grid connection. Int J Energy Res 45(15):21140\u201321157","journal-title":"Int J Energy Res"},{"key":"10170_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anowar MH and Roy P (2019) A modified incremental conductance based photovoltaic MPPT charge controller. In: 2019 international conference on electrical, computer and communication engineering (ECCE), IEEE, p 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/ECACE.2019.8679308"},{"key":"10170_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159933","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3129608","volume":"9","author":"B Babes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Babes B, Albalawi F, Hamouda N, Kahla S, Ghoneim SS (2021) Fractional-fuzzy PID control approach of photovoltaic-wire feeder system (PV-WFS): simulation and HIL-based experimental investigation. IEEE Access 9:159933\u2013159954","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10170_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.08.048","volume":"81","author":"U Yilmaz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yilmaz U, Kircay A, Borekci S (2018) PV system fuzzy logic MPPT method and PI control as a charge controller. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 81:994\u20131001","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"10170_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matcom.2019.09.007","volume":"167","author":"A Jendoubi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jendoubi A, Tlili F, Bacha F (2020) Sliding mode control for a grid connected PV-system using interpolation polynomial MPPT approach. Math Comput Simul 167:202\u2013218","journal-title":"Math Comput Simul"},{"issue":"13","key":"10170_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5927","DOI":"10.3390\/app11135927","volume":"11","author":"C Napole","year":"2021","unstructured":"Napole C, Derbeli M, Barambones O (2021) Fuzzy logic approach for maximum power point tracking implemented in a real time photovoltaic system. Appl Sci 11(13):5927","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"10170_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Veisi, H. Delavari and F. Shanaghi, (2023) Maximum power point tracking in a photovoltaic system by optimized fractional nonlinear controller. 2023 8th international conference on technology and energy management (ICTEM), Mazandaran, Babol, Iran, p 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTEM56862.2023.10083639"},{"key":"10170_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javid G, Abdeslam DO, and Benyoucef D (2018), Maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic power system with adaptive fuzzy terminal sliding mode controller. In: 2018 IEEE international conference on environment and electrical engineering and 2018 IEEE industrial and commercial power systems europe (EEEIC\/I&CPS Europe), IEEE, p 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC.2018.8494510"},{"issue":"16","key":"10170_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-021-05823-0","volume":"25","author":"H Delavari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Delavari H, Zolfi M (2021) Maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic systems using indirect adaptive fuzzy robust controller. Soft Comput 25(16):10969\u201310985","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"issue":"6","key":"10170_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-019-0598-x","volume":"1","author":"T Binkowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Binkowski T (2019) Photovoltaic inverter control using programmable logic device. SN Appl Sci 1(6):1\u201310","journal-title":"SN Appl Sci"},{"key":"10170_CR12","volume-title":"Fuzzy mathematical techniques with applications","author":"A Kandel","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kandel A (1986) Fuzzy mathematical techniques with applications. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc"},{"key":"10170_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaled A, Aboubakeur H, Mohamed B, and Nabil A (2018) A fast MPPT control technique using pid controller in a photovoltaic system. In: 2018 international conference on applied smart systems (ICASS), IEEE, p 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASS.2018.8652062"},{"key":"10170_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2016.10.043","volume":"143","author":"K Dahech","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dahech K, Allouche M, Damak T, Tadeo F (2017) Backstepping sliding mode control for maximum power point tracking of a photovoltaic system. Electr Pow Syst Res 143:182\u2013188","journal-title":"Electr Pow Syst Res"},{"key":"10170_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masoom MM and Kumar N (2021) Comparative study of nonlinear controllers for standalone PV system. In: 2021 second international conference on electronics and sustainable communication systems (ICESC), IEEE, p 25\u201331","DOI":"10.1109\/ICESC51422.2021.9532701"},{"key":"10170_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbadi A, Hamidia F, Morsli A, Boukhetala D, and Nezli L (2017) Mppt sliding mode controller for pv system supplying a large scale interconnected grid. In: 2017 5th international conference on electrical engineering-boumerdes (ICEE-B), IEEE, p 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEE-B.2017.8191968"},{"key":"10170_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2022.101992","volume":"14","author":"A Karafil","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karafil A (2022) Thinned-out controlled IC MPPT algorithm for class E resonant inverter with PV system. Ain Shams Eng J 14:101992","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng J"},{"key":"10170_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.10.011","volume":"8","author":"SKR Moosavi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moosavi SKR, Mansoor M, Zafar MH, Khan NM, Mirza AF, Akhtar N (2022) Highly efficient maximum power point tracking control technique for PV system under dynamic operating conditions. Energy Rep 8:13529\u201313543","journal-title":"Energy Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10170_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41601-020-00173-9","volume":"6","author":"A Boubakir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boubakir A, Touil S-A, Labiod S, Boudjerda N (2021) A robust model-free controller for a three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic system based on ultra-local model. Prot Control Mod Pow Syst 6(1):1\u201313","journal-title":"Prot Control Mod Pow Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"10170_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-019-1886-1","volume":"2","author":"A Mahdi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahdi A, Mahamad A, Saon S, Tuwoso T, Elmunsyah H, Mudjanarko S (2020) Maximum power point tracking using perturb and observe, fuzzy logic and ANFIS. SN Appl Sci 2(1):1\u20139","journal-title":"SN Appl Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10170_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2023.110577","volume":"6","author":"V Jaiswal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jaiswal V, Wadehra A, Bhalla S, Rana KPS, Kumar V (2023) Comment on \u201cDeep reinforcement learning approach for MPPT control of partially shaded PV systems in smart grids.\u201d Appl Soft Comput 6(1):110577","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"10170_CR22","first-page":"4840","volume":"38","author":"A Dolatabadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dolatabadi A, Abdeltawab H, Mohamed YA (2022) A novel model-free deep reinforcement learning framework for energy management of a PV integrated energy hub. IEEE Trans Power Syst 38(1):4840\u20134852","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"key":"10170_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delavari H, and Veisi A (2021) Robust control of a permanent magnet synchronous generators based wind energy conversion. In: 2021 7th international conference on control, instrumentation and automation (ICCIA), IEEE, p 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIA52082.2021.9403590"},{"key":"10170_CR24","unstructured":"Delavari, Hadi and Veisi, Amir, Power maximization of wind turbine based on dfig using fractional order variable structure controller. seventh international conference on energy technology and management, Ardabil, 2 022"},{"key":"10170_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.14087","volume":"43","author":"A Veisi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Veisi A, Delavari H (2023) Adaptive optimized fractional order control of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbine using disturbance observer. Environ Prog & Sustain Energy 43:e14087","journal-title":"Environ Prog & Sustain Energy"},{"issue":"827","key":"10170_CR26","first-page":"861","volume":"15","author":"H Delavari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Delavari H, Veisi A (2023) A new robust nonlinear controller for fractional model of wind turbine based DFIG with a novel disturbance observer. Energy Syst 15(827):861","journal-title":"Energy Syst"},{"key":"10170_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119280408","volume-title":"Photovoltaic power system: modeling, design, and control","author":"W Xiao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xiao W (2017) Photovoltaic power system: modeling, design, and control. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey"},{"issue":"12","key":"10170_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11121894","volume":"11","author":"LFDS Pereira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pereira LFDS, Batista E, de Brito MA, Godoy RB (2022) A robustness analysis of a fuzzy fractional order PID controller based on genetic algorithm for a DC-DC boost converter. Electronics 11(12):1894","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10170_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munshi AP, Kadwane SG, and Funde NY, (2022) Reliability analysis of quadratic converter based solar PV system. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 2494, no. 1, AIP Publishing LLC, p 070006","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0111147"},{"issue":"14","key":"10170_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5080","DOI":"10.3390\/en15145080","volume":"15","author":"R Kahani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kahani R, Jamil M, Iqbal MT (2022) Direct model reference adaptive control of a boost converter for voltage regulation in microgrids. Energies 15(14):5080","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"10","key":"10170_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2012.07.008","volume":"86","author":"C-S Chiu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chiu C-S, Ouyang Y-L, Ku C-Y (2012) Terminal sliding mode control for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic power generation systems. Sol Eng 86(10):2986\u20132995","journal-title":"Sol Eng"},{"key":"10170_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71243-7_13","volume-title":"Nonlinear dynamical systems with self-excited and hidden attractors","author":"AC Reinol","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reinol AC, Messias M (2018) Periodic orbits, invariant tori and chaotic behavior in certain nonequilibrium quadratic three-dimensional differential systems. In: Pham V-T, Vaidyanathan S, Volos C, Kapitaniak T (eds) Nonlinear dynamical systems with self-excited and hidden attractors. Springer, Cham, pp 299\u2013326"},{"key":"10170_CR33","volume-title":"Kindergarten of fractional calculus","author":"S Das","year":"2020","unstructured":"Das S (2020) Kindergarten of fractional calculus. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne"},{"issue":"2","key":"10170_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2015.2478397","volume":"63","author":"W-H Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen W-H, Yang J, Guo L, Li S (2015) Disturbance-observer-based control and related methods\u2014an overview. IEEE Trans Industr Electron 63(2):1083\u20131095","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Electron"},{"key":"10170_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morshed MJ, Sardoueinasab Z, and Fekih A (2019) A sliding mode disturbance observer-based approach for grid connected wind energy systems. In: 2019 american control conference (ACC), IEEE, Philadelphia, 5719\u20135724","DOI":"10.23919\/ACC.2019.8814479"},{"key":"10170_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11173-5","volume-title":"Advances and applications in sliding mode control systems","author":"AT Azar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Azar AT, Zhu Q (2015) Advances and applications in sliding mode control systems. Springer, Cham"},{"issue":"1","key":"10170_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.18196\/jrc.v3i1.12739","volume":"3","author":"A Ma'arif","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma\u2019arif A, Vera MAM, Mahmoud MS, Ladaci S, \u00c7akan A, Parada JN (2022) Backstepping sliding mode control for inverted pendulum system with disturbance and parameter uncertainty. J Robotics Control (JRC) 3(1):86\u201392","journal-title":"J Robotics Control (JRC)"},{"issue":"18","key":"10170_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-019-04502-4","volume":"32","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang J et al (2020) Fast nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for permanent-magnet linear motor via ELM. Neural Comput Appl 32(18):14447\u201314457","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"10170_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37186-2","volume":"9","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Kearnes S, Li L, Zare RN, Riley P (2019) Optimization of molecules via deep reinforcement learning. Sci Rep 9(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10170_CR40","volume-title":"Reinforcement learning: an introduction","author":"RS Sutton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sutton RS, Barto AG (2018) Reinforcement learning: an introduction. MIT press, Cambridge"},{"key":"10170_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78799","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3083705","volume":"9","author":"H Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang H, Assawinchaichote W, Shi Y (2021) New PID parameter autotuning for nonlinear systems based on a modified monkey\u2013multiagent DRL algorithm. IEEE Access 9:78799\u201378811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/access.2021.3083705","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"10170_CR42","first-page":"19","volume":"2019","author":"AY Appiah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Appiah AY, Zhang X, Ayawli BBK, Kyeremeh F (2019) Review and performance evaluation of photovoltaic array fault detection and diagnosis techniques. Int J Photoenergy 2019(1):19","journal-title":"Int J Photoenergy"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-024-10170-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-024-10170-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-024-10170-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T08:04:46Z","timestamp":1727510686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-024-10170-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-024-10170-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}