{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T07:36:18Z","timestamp":1782286578955,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput &amp; Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-024-10403-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T09:02:25Z","timestamp":1726304545000},"page":"21781-21799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["M2auth: A multimodal behavioral biometric authentication using feature-level fusion"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mahfouz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hebatollah","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarek M.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Sharaf Eldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"10403_CR1","unstructured":"Marques D, Muslukhov I, Guerreiro T, Carri\u00e7o L, Beznosov K (2016) Snooping on mobile phones: Prevalence and trends. In: Twelfth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2016), pp. 159\u2013174. USENIX Association, Denver, CO. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/soups2016\/technical-sessions\/presentation\/marques"},{"key":"10403_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song Y, Cai Z, Zhang Z-L (2017) Multi-touch authentication using hand geometry and behavioral information. In: 2017 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), pp. 357\u2013372. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.54"},{"key":"10403_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Walia KS, Shenoy S, Cheng Y (2020) An empirical analysis on the usability and security of passwords. In: 2020 IEEE 21st International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration for Data Science (IRI), pp. 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IRI49571.2020.00009","DOI":"10.1109\/IRI49571.2020.00009"},{"key":"10403_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.2973832","volume":"15","author":"R Tolosana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tolosana R, Vera-Rodriguez R, Fierrez J, Ortega-Garcia J (2020) Biotouchpass2: Touchscreen password biometrics using time-aligned recurrent neural networks. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 15:2616\u20132628","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"10403_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3448080","author":"D Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi D, Tao D, Wang J, Yao M, Wang Z, Chen H, Helal S (2021) Fine-grained and context-aware behavioral biometrics for pattern lock on smartphones. Proc ACM Interact Mobile Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3448080","journal-title":"Proc ACM Interact Mobile Wearable Ubiquitous Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10403_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2022.3206321","volume":"4","author":"M Agrawal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Agrawal M, Mehrotra P, Kumar R, Shah RR (2022) Gantouch: An attack-resilient framework for touch-based continuous authentication system. IEEE Trans Biomet Behav Ident Sci 4(4):533\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBIOM.2022.3206321","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomet Behav Ident Sci"},{"key":"10403_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Egelman S, Jain S, Portnoff RS, Liao K, Consolvo S, Wagner D (2014) Are you ready to lock? In: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. CCS \u201914, pp. 750\u2013761. ACM, New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2660267.2660273","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660273"},{"key":"10403_CR8","unstructured":"Harbach M, Zezschwitz E, Fichtner A, Luca AD, Smith M (2014) It\u2019s a hard lock life: A field study of smartphone (Un)Locking behavior and risk perception. In: 10th Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2014), pp. 213\u2013230. USENIX Association, Menlo Park, CA. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/soups2014\/proceedings\/presentation\/harbach"},{"key":"10403_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2014.09.006","volume":"57","author":"KB Raja","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raja KB, Raghavendra R, Vemuri VK, Busch C (2015) Smartphone based visible iris recognition using deep sparse filtering. Pattern Recogn Lett 57:33\u201342","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"10403_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fathy ME, Patel VM, Chellappa R (2015) Face-based active authentication on mobile devices. In: Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2015 IEEE International Conference On, pp. 1687\u20131691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICASSP.2015.7178258","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2015.7178258"},{"key":"10403_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3289935","author":"Z Shen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shen Z, Li S, Zhao X, Zou J (2023) Increauth: Incremental learning based behavioral biometric authentication on smartphones. IEEE Internet of Things J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3289935","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things J"},{"key":"10403_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krishnamoorthy S, Rueda L, Saad S, Elmiligi H (2018) Identification of user behavioral biometrics for authentication using keystroke dynamics and machine learning. In: Proceedings of the 2018 2Nd International Conference on Biometric Engineering and Applications. ICBEA \u201918, pp. 50\u201357. ACM, New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3230820.3230829 . http:\/\/doi.acm.org\/10.1145\/3230820.3230829","DOI":"10.1145\/3230820.3230829"},{"issue":"1","key":"10403_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2011.08.001","volume":"14","author":"B Khaleghi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khaleghi B, Khamis A, Karray FO, Razavi SN (2013) Multisensor data fusion: a review of the state-of-the-art. Inf Fusion 14(1):28\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.inffus.2011.08.001","journal-title":"Inf Fusion"},{"key":"10403_CR14","first-page":"28","volume":"37","author":"A Mahfouz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mahfouz A, Mahmoud TM, Eldin AS (2017) A survey on behavioral biometric authentication on smartphones. J Inf Secur Appl 37:28\u201337","journal-title":"J Inf Secur Appl"},{"key":"10403_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.05.010","volume":"117","author":"W Meng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meng W, Wang Y, Wong DS, Wen S, Xiang Y (2018) Touchwb: Touch behavioral user authentication based on web browsing on smartphones. J Netw Comput Appl 117:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.05.010","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"10403_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3160361","volume":"17","author":"Z Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen Z, Li S, Zhao X, Zou J (2022) Mmauth: A continuous authentication framework on smartphones using multiple modalities. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 17:1450\u20131465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3160361","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"10403_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2022.103022","volume":"125","author":"J Al-Saraireh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Saraireh J, AlJa\u2019afreh MR (2023) Keystroke and swipe biometrics fusion to enhance smartphones authentication. Comput Secur 125:103022","journal-title":"Comput Secur"},{"key":"10403_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2021.103162","volume":"191","author":"AZ Zaidi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zaidi AZ, Chong CY, Jin Z, Parthiban R, Sadiq AS (2021) Touch-based continuous mobile device authentication: state-of-the-art, challenges and opportunities. J Netw Comput Appl 191:103162","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"10403_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2024.101888","author":"A Mahfouz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mahfouz A, Hamdy A, Eldin MA, Mahmoud TM (2024) B2auth: A contextual fine-grained behavioral biometric authentication framework for real-world deployment. Pervas Mobile Comput. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmcj.2024.101888","journal-title":"Pervas Mobile Comput"},{"key":"10403_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu X, Yu J, Chen Y, Hua Q, Zhu Y, Chen Y-C, Li M (2020) Touchpass: Towards behavior-irrelevant on-touch user authentication on smartphones leveraging vibrations. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pp. 1\u201313","DOI":"10.1145\/3372224.3380901"},{"key":"10403_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2020.08.021","volume":"66","author":"I Stylios","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stylios I, Kokolakis S, Thanou O, Chatzis S (2021) Behavioral biometrics & continuous user authentication on mobile devices: a survey. Inf Fusion 66:76\u201399","journal-title":"Inf Fusion"},{"key":"10403_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2022.109089","volume":"134","author":"G Stragapede","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stragapede G, Vera-Rodriguez R, Tolosana R, Morales A (2023) Behavepassdb: Public database for mobile behavioral biometrics and benchmark evaluation. Pattern Recogn 134:109089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2022.109089","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"1","key":"10403_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2225048","volume":"8","author":"M Frank","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frank M, Biedert R, Ma E, Martinovic I, Song D (2013) Touchalytics: On the applicability of touchscreen input as a behavioral biometric for continuous authentication. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 8(1):136\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2225048","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"issue":"3","key":"10403_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2016.2623562","volume":"47","author":"G Peng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peng G, Zhou G, Nguyen DT, Qi X, Yang Q, Wang S (2017) Continuous authentication with touch behavioral biometrics and voice on wearable glasses. IEEE Trans Human Mach Syst 47(3):404\u2013416","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Human Mach Syst"},{"key":"10403_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2018.11.008","volume":"44","author":"A Buriro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buriro A, Crispo B, Conti M (2019) Answerauth: A bimodal behavioral biometric-based user authentication scheme for smartphones. J Inf Secur Appl 44:89\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jisa.2018.11.008","journal-title":"J Inf Secur Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"10403_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2737969","volume":"13","author":"C Shen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shen C, Li Y, Chen Y, Guan X, Maxion RA (2018) Performance analysis of multi-motion sensor behavior for active smartphone authentication. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 13(1):48\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2737969","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"10403_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.11.017","volume":"149","author":"Z Syed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Syed Z, Helmick J, Banerjee S, Cukic B (2019) Touch gesture-based authentication on mobile devices: the effects of user posture, device size, configuration, and inter-session variability. J Syst Softw 149:158\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2018.11.017","journal-title":"J Syst Softw"},{"key":"10403_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2018.09.015","volume":"84","author":"Y Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang Y, Guo B, Wang Z, Li M, Yu Z, Zhou X (2019) Behavesense: Continuous authentication for security-sensitive mobile apps using behavioral biometrics. Ad Hoc Netw 84:9\u201318","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw"},{"issue":"3","key":"10403_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1145\/1085126.1085129","volume":"8","author":"D Gunetti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gunetti D, Picardi C (2005) Keystroke analysis of free text. ACM Trans Inf Syst Secur 8(3):312\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1085126.1085129","journal-title":"ACM Trans Inf Syst Secur"},{"issue":"6","key":"10403_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2658539","volume":"12","author":"S Mondal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mondal S, Bours P (2017) Person identification by keystroke dynamics using pairwise user coupling. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 12(6):1319\u20131329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2658539","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"10403_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee W-H, Lee RB (2017) Implicit smartphone user authentication with sensors and contextual machine learning. In: 2017 47th Annual IEEE\/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), pp. 297\u2013308. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2017.24"},{"key":"10403_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2017.11.058","volume":"430\u2013431","author":"C Shen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shen C, Chen Y, Guan X (2018) Performance evaluation of implicit smartphones authentication via sensor-behavior analysis. Inf Sci 430\u2013431:538\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ins.2017.11.058","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"10403_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jorquera Valero JM, S\u00e1nchez S\u00e1nchez PM, Fern\u00e1ndez Maim\u00f3 L, Huertas Celdr\u00e1n A, Arjona Fern\u00e1ndez M, De Los Santos V\u00e9lchez S, Mart\u00e9nez P\u00e9rez G (2018) Improving the security and qoe in mobile devices through an intelligent and adaptive continuous authentication system. Sensors 18(11) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18113769","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113769"},{"key":"10403_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muslukhov I, Boshmaf Y, Kuo C, Lester J, Beznosov K (2012) Understanding users\u2019 requirements for data protection in smartphones. In: Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 28th International Conference on Data Engineering Workshops. ICDEW \u201912, pp. 228\u2013235. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDEW.2012.83 . http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDEW.2012.83","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDEW.2012.83"},{"key":"10403_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Jiang X (2012) Dissecting android malware: Characterization and evolution. In: Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. SP \u201912, pp. 95\u2013109. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SP.2012.16","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2012.16"},{"key":"10403_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang Z, Yang M, Zhang Y, Gu G, Ning P, Wang XS (2013) Appintent: analyzing sensitive data transmission in android for privacy leakage detection. In: Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer & Communications Security. CCS \u201913, pp. 1043\u20131054. ACM, New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2508859.2516676","DOI":"10.1145\/2508859.2516676"},{"key":"10403_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nandugudi A, Maiti A, Ki T, Bulut F, Demirbas M, Kosar T, Qiao C, Ko SY, Challen G (2013) Phonelab: A large programmable smartphone testbed. In: Proceedings of First International Workshop on Sensing and Big Data Mining. SENSEMINE\u201913, pp. 4\u2013146. ACM, New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2536714.2536718","DOI":"10.1145\/2536714.2536718"},{"key":"10403_CR38","unstructured":"Weisstein EW (2022) Curvature, A Wolfram Web Resource. January 2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10403_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-013-0209-6","volume":"13","author":"F Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li F, Clarke N, Papadaki M, Dowland P (2014) Active authentication for mobile devices utilising behaviour profiling. Int J Inf Secur 13(3):229\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10207-013-0209-6","journal-title":"Int J Inf Secur"},{"issue":"5","key":"10403_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2506542","volume":"11","author":"Z Sitov\u00e1","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sitov\u00e1 Z, \u0160ed\u011bnka J, Yang Q, Peng G, Zhou G, Gasti P, Balagani KS (2016) Hmog: New behavioral biometric features for continuous authentication of smartphone users. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 11(5):877\u2013892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2506542","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"10403_CR41","unstructured":"Ross AA, Jain AK, Nandakumar K (2006) Decision level fusion. Handbook of Multibiometrics, 91\u2013142"},{"key":"10403_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen CH, Chen CY (2013) Optimal fusion of multimodal biometric authentication using wavelet probabilistic neural network. In: 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics (ISCE), pp. 55\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISCE.2013.6570127","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCE.2013.6570127"},{"issue":"9","key":"10403_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2569061","volume":"11","author":"M Haghighat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haghighat M, Abdel-Mottaleb M, Alhalabi W (2016) Discriminant correlation analysis: real-time feature level fusion for multimodal biometric recognition. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 11(9):1984\u20131996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2569061","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur"},{"key":"10403_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.03.014","volume":"117","author":"G Cheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cheng G, Han J (2016) A survey on object detection in optical remote sensing images. ISPRS J Photogram Remote Sens 117:11\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.03.014","journal-title":"ISPRS J Photogram Remote Sens"},{"key":"10403_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471660264","volume-title":"Combining Pattern Classifiers: Methods and Algorithms","author":"LI Kuncheva","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kuncheva LI (2004) Combining Pattern Classifiers: Methods and Algorithms. John Wiley & Sons, ???"},{"key":"10403_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho TK (2002) Multiple classifier combination: Lessons and next steps. In: Hybrid Methods in Pattern Recognition, pp. 171\u2013198. World Scientific, ???","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812778147_0007"},{"issue":"4","key":"10403_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2016.2555335","volume":"33","author":"VM Patel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patel VM, Chellappa R, Chandra D, Barbello B (2016) Continuous user authentication on mobile devices: recent progress and remaining challenges. IEEE Signal Process Magaz 33(4):49\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MSP.2016.2555335","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Magaz"},{"key":"10403_CR48","unstructured":"Monroe D (2012) Biometrics Metrics Report v3. 0. December"},{"issue":"1","key":"10403_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman L (2001) Random forests. Mach Learn 45(1):5\u201332","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"issue":"C","key":"10403_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2016.03.003","volume":"59","author":"PS Teh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teh PS, Zhang N, Teoh ABJ, Chen K (2016) A survey on touch dynamics authentication in mobile devices. Comput Secur 59(C):210\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2016.03.003","journal-title":"Comput Secur"},{"key":"10403_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2015.12.013","volume":"79","author":"AK Jain","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jain AK, Nandakumar K, Ross A (2016) 50 years of biometric research: accomplishments, challenges, and opportunities. Pattern Recogn Lett 79:80\u2013105","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"10403_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Buschek D, De Luca A, Alt F (2015) Improving accuracy, applicability and usability of keystroke biometrics on mobile touchscreen devices. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI \u201915, pp. 1393\u20131402. ACM, New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2702123.2702252","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702252"},{"key":"10403_CR53","unstructured":"Khan H, Hengartner U, Vogel D (2015) Usability and security perceptions of implicit authentication: Convenient, secure, sometimes annoying. In: Eleventh Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2015), pp. 225\u2013239. USENIX Association, Ottawa. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/soups2015\/proceedings\/presentation\/khan"},{"key":"10403_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Draffin B, Zhu J, Zhang J (2013) Keysens: Passive user authentication through micro-behavior modeling of soft keyboard interaction. In: International Conference on Mobile Computing, Applications, and Services, pp. 184\u2013201. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05452-0_14"},{"key":"10403_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khan H, Hengartner U (2014) Towards application-centric implicit authentication on smartphones. In: Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. HotMobile \u201914, pp. 10\u20131106. ACM, New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2565585.2565590","DOI":"10.1145\/2565585.2565590"},{"key":"10403_CR56","unstructured":"Xu H, Zhou Y, Lyu MR (2014) Towards continuous and passive authentication via touch biometrics: An experimental study on smartphones. In: Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS 2014), pp. 187\u2013198. USENIX Association, Menlo Park, CA. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/soups2014\/proceedings\/presentation\/xu"},{"key":"10403_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hayashi E, Riva O, Strauss K, Brush AJB, Schechter S (2012) Goldilocks and the two mobile devices: Going beyond all-or-nothing access to a device\u2019s applications. In: Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security. SOUPS \u201912. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2335356.2335359","DOI":"10.1145\/2335356.2335359"},{"key":"10403_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmalaki S, Wanner L, Srivastava M (2015) Caredroid: Adaptation framework for android context-aware applications. In: Proceedings of the 21st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pp. 386\u2013399. ACM","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790108"},{"key":"10403_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2023.103450","volume":"74","author":"J Chao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chao J, Hossain MS, Lancor L (2023) Swipe gestures for user authentication in smartphones. J Inf Secur Appl 74:103450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jisa.2023.103450","journal-title":"J Inf Secur Appl"},{"key":"10403_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103363","volume":"132","author":"I Stylios","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stylios I, Chatzis S, Thanou O, Kokolakis S (2023) Continuous authentication with feature-level fusion of touch gestures and keystroke dynamics to solve security and usability issues. Comput Secur 132:103363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103363","journal-title":"Comput Secur"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-024-10403-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-024-10403-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-024-10403-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T09:10:45Z","timestamp":1732353045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-024-10403-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-024-10403-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0941-0643","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-3058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"We obtained approval from our university\u2019s research ethics board before initiating the data collection process.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The article was submitted with the consent of all the authors and institutions for publication.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}