{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T09:10:02Z","timestamp":1751015402159,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.60871086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.60871086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.BK20171249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.BK20171249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput & Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-025-11254-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T19:30:45Z","timestamp":1746473445000},"page":"13901-13925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Facial AU detection based on a guided attention inference network with embedded regional segmentation branch"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Kui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaolei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danfeng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JiaJun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"11254_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2023.110174","volume":"148","author":"T Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu T, Li J, Wu J, Du B, Wan J, Chang J (2024) Confusable facial expression recognition with geometry-aware conditional network. Pattern Recognit. 148:110174","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"11254_CR2","first-page":"126","volume":"47","author":"P Ekman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ekman P, Friesen WV (1978) Facial action coding system ( FACS): a technique for the measurement of facial actions. Riv Psichiatr 47:126\u2013138","journal-title":"Riv Psichiatr"},{"key":"11254_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1109\/34.506414","volume":"18","author":"Y Yacoob","year":"1996","unstructured":"Yacoob Y, Davis L (1996) Recognizing human facial expressions from long image sequences using optical flow. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 18:636\u2013642","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"11254_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.369","volume":"2016","author":"K Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao K, Chu W-S, Zhang H (2016) Deep region and multi-label learning for facial action unit detection, in. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 2016:3391\u20133399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2016.369","journal-title":"IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li W, Abtahi F, Zhu Z, Yin L (2017) Eac-net: A region-based deep enhancing and cropping approach for facial action unit detection, in: 2017 12th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2017), pp. 103\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FG.2017.136","key":"11254_CR5","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2017.136"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao Z, Liu Z, Cai J, Ma L (2018) Deep adaptive attention for joint facial action unit detection and face alignment. In: Ferrari V, Hebert M, Sminchisescu C, Weiss Y (eds) Computer Vision - ECCV 2018. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 725\u2013740","key":"11254_CR6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01261-8_43"},{"key":"11254_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2016.7477625","volume":"2016","author":"S Jaiswal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jaiswal S, Valstar M (2016) Deep learning the dynamic appearance and shape of facial action units, in. IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) 2016:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WACV.2016.7477625","journal-title":"IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)"},{"key":"11254_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2023.06.004","volume":"172","author":"Z Shang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shang Z, Du C, Li B, Yan Z, Yu L (2023) Mma-net: Multi-view mixed attention mechanism for facial action unit detection. Pattern Recogn Lett 172:165\u2013171","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"11254_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.03.082","volume":"355","author":"C Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma C, Chen L, Yong J (2019) AU R-CNN: Encoding expert prior knowledge into R-CNN for action unit detection. Neurocomputing 355:35\u201347","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"11254_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2023.3261749","volume":"32","author":"J Wan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wan J, Liu J, Zhou J, Lai Z, Shen L, Sun H, Xiong P, Min W (2023) Precise facial landmark detection by reference heatmap transformer. IEEE Trans Image Process 32:1966\u20131977","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"11254_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3546","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2021.3131569","volume":"53","author":"J Wan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wan J, Xi H, Zhou J, Lai Z, Pedrycz W, Wang X, Sun H (2023) Robust and precise facial landmark detection by self-calibrated pose attention network. IEEE Trans. Cybern. 53:3546\u20133560","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Z, Dong J, Zhang C, Wang L, Dang eYM, Jianwu\", Cheng W-H, Kim J, Chu W-T, Cui P, Choi J-W, Hu M-C, De\u00a0Neve W (2020) Relation modeling with graph convolutional networks for facial action unit detection, in: MultiMedia Modeling, Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 489\u2013501","key":"11254_CR12","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-37734-2_40"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li G, Zhu X, Zeng Y, Wang Q, Lin L (2019) Semantic relationships guided representation learning for facial action unit recognition, in: Proceedings of the Thirty-Third AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Thirty-First Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference and Ninth AAAI Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 8594\u20138601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33018594","key":"11254_CR13","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33018594"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian M, Zhu H, Wang Y, Cai Y, Liu F, Lin P, Huang Y, Xie X (2022) Facial action unit detection by exploring the weak relationships between AU labels. In: Gao H, Wang X, Wei W, Dagiuklas T (eds) Collaborative Computing: Networking. Applications and Worksharing, Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, pp 478\u2013495","key":"11254_CR14","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-24386-8_26"},{"key":"11254_CR15","first-page":"5998","volume":"30","author":"A Vaswani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vaswani A, Shazeer N, Parmar N, Uszkoreit J, Jones L, Gomez AN, Kaiser L, Polosukhin I (2017) Attention is all you need. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 30:5998\u20136008","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Dong W, Hu B-G, Ji Q (2018a) Weakly-supervised deep convolutional neural network learning for facial action unit intensity estimation, in: 2018 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2314\u20132323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00246","key":"11254_CR16","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00246"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Dong W, Hu B-G, Ji Q (2018b) Classifier learning with prior probabilities for facial action unit recognition, in: 2018 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 5108\u20135116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00536","key":"11254_CR17","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00536"},{"key":"11254_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3212","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2023.3279978","volume":"32","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Y, Shan S (2023) Contrastive learning of person-independent representations for facial action unit detection. IEEE Trans Image Process 32:3212\u20133225","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"11254_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2020.3003502","volume":"52","author":"S Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang S, Ding H, Peng G (2022) Dual learning for facial action unit detection under nonfull annotation. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics 52:2225\u20132237","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang S, Chang Y, Wang C (2021) Dual learning for joint facial landmark detection and action unit recognition, in: IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, volume\u00a014, pp. 1404\u20131416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2016.369","key":"11254_CR20","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.369"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luo C, Song S, Xie W, Shen L, Gunes H (2022) Learning multi-dimensional edge feature-based au relation graph for facial action unit recognition, in: L.\u00a0D. Raedt (Ed.), Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI-22, International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, pp. 1239\u20131246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai.2022\/173, main Track","key":"11254_CR21","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2022\/173"},{"key":"11254_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2019.2948635","volume":"13","author":"Z Shao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shao Z, Liu Z, Cai J, Wu Y, Ma L (2022) Facial action unit detection using attention and relation learning. IEEE Trans Affect Comput 13:1274\u20131289","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Affect Comput"},{"key":"11254_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2019.107127","volume":"102","author":"N Sankaran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sankaran N, Mohan DD, Lakshminarayana NN, Setlur S, Govindaraju V (2020) Domain adaptive representation learning for facial action unit recognition. Pattern Recogn 102:107127","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"unstructured":"Lugaresi C, Tang J, Nash H, et\u00a0al (2019) Mediapipe: A framework for building perception pipelines, ArXiv e-prints","key":"11254_CR24"},{"key":"11254_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2013.4","volume":"4","author":"SM Mavadati","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mavadati SM, Mahoor MH, Bartlett K, Trinh P, Cohn JF (2013) Disfa: A spontaneous facial action intensity database. IEEE Trans Affect Comput 4:151\u2013160","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Affect Comput"},{"key":"11254_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9215","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00960","volume":"2018","author":"K Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li K, Wu Z, Peng K-C, Ernst J, Fu Y (2018) Tell me where to look: Guided attention inference network, in. IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2018:9215\u20139223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00960","journal-title":"IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang X, Yin L, Cohn JF, Canavan S, Reale M, Horowitz A, Liu P (2013) A high-resolution spontaneous 3d dynamic facial expression database, in 10th IEEE international conference and workshops on automatic face and gesture recognition (FG). IEEE 2013:1\u20136","key":"11254_CR27","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2013.6553788"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-025-11254-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-025-11254-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-025-11254-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T08:28:52Z","timestamp":1751012932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-025-11254-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["11254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-025-11254-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0941-0643"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1433-3058"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the authors declare that they have no Conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}