{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:38:12Z","timestamp":1760056692781,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749340800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS-2112633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-2112633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Comput & Applic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-025-11311-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T05:49:08Z","timestamp":1749361748000},"page":"24773-24791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-objective reinforcement learning framework for beneficent artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8664-4116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Nickelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alex John","family":"London","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Robinette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kagan","family":"Tumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"11311_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Russell S (2022) Provably beneficial artificial intelligence. In: 27th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. IUI \u201922, p. 3. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3490099.3519388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3490099.3519388","DOI":"10.1145\/3490099.3519388"},{"key":"11311_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kermany NR, Zhao W, Yang J, Wu J, Pizzato L (2020) An ethical multi-stakeholder recommender system based on evolutionary multi-objective optimization. In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC), pp 478\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SCC49832.2020.00074","DOI":"10.1109\/SCC49832.2020.00074"},{"issue":"2","key":"11311_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2021.3128547","volume":"13","author":"D Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang D, Zhu H, Zhang H, Goh HH, Liu H, Wu T (2022) Multi-objective optimization for smart integrated energy system considering demand responses and dynamic prices. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 13(2):1100\u20131112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSG.2021.3128547","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Smart Grid"},{"key":"11311_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-017-0053-9","author":"H Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang H, Olhofer M, Jin Y (2017) A mini-review on preference modeling and articulation in multi-objective optimization: current status and challenges. Complex Intell Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40747-017-0053-9","journal-title":"Complex Intell Syst"},{"key":"11311_CR5","unstructured":"Sen AK (1977) Rational fools: a critique of the behavioral foundations of economic theory. Philosophy & public affairs, pp 317\u2013344"},{"issue":"60","key":"11311_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2307\/2549561","volume":"15","author":"PA Samuelson","year":"1948","unstructured":"Samuelson PA (1948) Consumption theory in terms of revealed preference. Economica 15(60):243\u2013253","journal-title":"Economica"},{"issue":"17","key":"11311_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2307\/2548836","volume":"5","author":"PA Samuelson","year":"1938","unstructured":"Samuelson PA (1938) A note on the pure theory of consumer\u2019s behaviour. Economica 5(17):61\u201371","journal-title":"Economica"},{"issue":"66","key":"11311_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2549382","volume":"17","author":"HS Houthakker","year":"1950","unstructured":"Houthakker HS (1950) Revealed preference and the utility function. Economica 17(66):159\u2013174","journal-title":"Economica"},{"key":"11311_CR9","first-page":"78","volume":"87","author":"D Ariely","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ariely D (2009) The end of rational economics. Harv Bus Rev 87:78\u201384","journal-title":"Harv Bus Rev"},{"key":"11311_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-0722(07)00054-6","volume":"1","author":"J Andreoni","year":"2008","unstructured":"Andreoni J, Miller JH (2008) Analyzing choice with revealed preference: Is altruism rational? Handbook Exp Econ Res 1:481\u2013487","journal-title":"Handbook Exp Econ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"11311_CR11","first-page":"67","volume":"48","author":"DM Roijers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roijers DM, Vamplew P, Whiteson S, Dazeley R (2013) A survey of multi-objective sequential decision-making. J Artif Int Res 48(1):67\u2013113","journal-title":"J Artif Int Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"11311_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s10458-022-09552-y","volume":"36","author":"CF Hayes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hayes CF, R\u0103dulescu R, Bargiacchi E, K\u00e4llstr\u00f6m J, Macfarlane M, Reymond M, Verstraeten T, Zintgraf LM, Dazeley R, Heintz F et al (2022) A practical guide to multi-objective reinforcement learning and planning. Auton Agent Multi-Agent Syst 36(1):26","journal-title":"Auton Agent Multi-Agent Syst"},{"key":"11311_CR13","first-page":"536","volume-title":"Multi-objective optimization using evolutionary algorithms","author":"K Deb","year":"2001","unstructured":"Deb K (2001) Multi-objective optimization using evolutionary algorithms. Wiley, New York, p 536"},{"key":"11311_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-017-9440-6","volume":"20","author":"P Vamplew","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vamplew P, Dazeley R, Foale C, Firmin S, Mummery J (2018) Human-aligned artificial intelligence is a multiobjective problem. Ethics Inf Technol 20:27\u201340","journal-title":"Ethics Inf Technol"},{"key":"11311_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10458-022-09575-5","author":"P Vamplew","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vamplew P, Smith BJ, K\u00e4llstr\u00f6m J, Ramos G, R\u0103dulescu R, Roijers DM, Hayes CF, Heintz F, Mannion P, Libin PJK, Dazeley R, Foale C (2021) Scalar reward is not enough: a response to silver, singh, precup and sutton. Auton Agent Multi-Agent Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10458-022-09575-5","journal-title":"Auton Agent Multi-Agent Syst"},{"key":"11311_CR16","unstructured":"Bjorndahl A, London AJ, Zollman KJ (2017) Kantian decision making under uncertainty: dignity, price, and consistency. Philosopher\u2019s Imprint, vol 17(7)"},{"key":"11311_CR17","first-page":"273","volume":"66","author":"MC Nussbaum","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nussbaum MC (1997) Capabilities and human rights. Fordham L. Rev 66:273","journal-title":"Fordham L. Rev"},{"key":"11311_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-024-09696-8","author":"A London","year":"2024","unstructured":"London A, Heidari H (2024) Beneficent intelligence: a capability approach to modeling benefit, assistance, and associated moral failures through AI systems. Minds Mach. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-024-09696-8","journal-title":"Minds Mach"},{"key":"11311_CR19","first-page":"15","volume":"33","author":"V Pareto","year":"1906","unstructured":"Pareto V (1906) L\u2019ofelimit\u00e0 nei cicli non chiusi. Giornale degli economisti 33:15\u201330","journal-title":"Giornale degli economisti"},{"issue":"9","key":"11311_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2005.11.018","volume":"91","author":"A Konak","year":"2006","unstructured":"Konak A, Coit DW, Smith AE (2006) Multi-objective optimization using genetic algorithms: a tutorial. Reliab Eng Syst Safe 91(9):992\u20131007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2005.11.018","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Safe"},{"key":"11311_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-003-0368-6","volume":"26","author":"RT Marler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marler RT, Arora JS (2004) Survey of multi-objective optimization methods for engineering. Struct Multidiscip Optim 26:369\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00158-003-0368-6","journal-title":"Struct Multidiscip Optim"},{"key":"11311_CR22","unstructured":"Zitzler E, Laumanns M, Thiele L (2001) SPEA2: improving the strength pareto evolutionary algorithm. TIK-report, vol 103"},{"issue":"2","key":"11311_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.996017","volume":"6","author":"K Deb","year":"2002","unstructured":"Deb K, Pratap A, Agarwal S, Meyarivan T (2002) A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 6(2):182\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/4235.996017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Evol Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"11311_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.996017","volume":"6","author":"K Deb","year":"2002","unstructured":"Deb K, Pratap A, Agarwal S, Meyarivan T (2002) A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: Nsga-ii. Trans Evol Comp 6(2):182\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/4235.996017","journal-title":"Trans Evol Comp"},{"key":"11311_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drugan MM, Nowe A (2013) Designing multi-objective multi-armed bandits algorithms: a study. In: The 2013 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), pp 1\u20138. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2013.6707036"},{"key":"11311_CR26","first-page":"3835","volume":"19","author":"N Wanigasekara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wanigasekara N, Liang Y, Goh ST, Liu Y, Williams JJ, Rosenblum DS (2019) Learning multi-objective rewards and user utility function in contextual bandits for personalized ranking. IJCAI 19:3835\u20133841","journal-title":"IJCAI"},{"key":"11311_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.10.100","volume":"263","author":"M Ruiz-Montiel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruiz-Montiel M, Mandow L, P\u00e9rez-de-la-Cruz J-L (2017) A temporal difference method for multi-objective reinforcement learning. Neurocomputing 263:15\u201325","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"1","key":"11311_CR28","first-page":"3483","volume":"15","author":"K Van Moffaert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Moffaert K, Now\u00e9 A (2014) Multi-objective reinforcement learning using sets of pareto dominating policies. J Mach Learn Res 15(1):3483\u20133512","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"11311_CR29","first-page":"63","volume":"14","author":"I Das","year":"1996","unstructured":"Das I, Dennis JE Jr (1996) A closer look at drawbacks of minimizing weighted sums of objectives for pareto set generation in multicriteria optimization problems. Techn Rep 14:63\u201369","journal-title":"Techn Rep"},{"key":"11311_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van\u00a0Moffaert K, Drugan MM, Now\u00e9 A (2013) Scalarized multi-objective reinforcement learning: Novel design techniques. In: 2013 IEEE Symposium on Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning (ADPRL), pp 191\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ADPRL.2013.6615007","DOI":"10.1109\/ADPRL.2013.6615007"},{"key":"11311_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rachmawati L, Srinivasan D (2006) Preference incorporation in multi-objective evolutionary algorithms: a survey. In: 2006 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, pp 962\u2013968. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2006.1688414"},{"key":"11311_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41256","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2856832","volume":"6","author":"B Xin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xin B, Chen L, Chen J, Ishibuchi H, Hirota K, Liu B (2018) Interactive multiobjective optimization: a review of the state-of-the-art. IEEE Access 6:41256\u201341279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2856832","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"11311_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feffer M, Heidari H, Lipton ZC (2023) Moral machine or tyranny of the majority? In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Thirty-Fifth Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Thirteenth Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence. AAAI\u201923\/IAAI\u201923\/EAAI\u201923. AAAI Press, Washington, D.C. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aaai.v37i5.25739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aaai.v37i5.25739","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v37i5.25739"},{"key":"11311_CR34","unstructured":"Abel D, MacGlashan J, Littman ML (2016) Reinforcement learning as a framework for ethical decision making. In: AAAI Workshop: AI, Ethics, and Society, vol 16, p 02. Phoenix, AZ"},{"issue":"2","key":"11311_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3390\/a16020068","volume":"16","author":"J Ruiz-Serra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ruiz-Serra J, Harr\u00e9 MS (2023) Inverse reinforcement learning as the algorithmic basis for theory of mind: Current methods and open problems. Algorithms 16(2):68","journal-title":"Algorithms"},{"key":"11311_CR36","unstructured":"Future of Life Institute: AI Principles (2017). https:\/\/futureoflife.org\/open-letter\/ai-principles\/"},{"key":"11311_CR37","unstructured":"White House Office of Science and Technology Policy: BLUEPRINT FOR AN AI BILL OF RIGHTS (2022). https:\/\/bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov\/ostp\/ai-bill-of-rights\/"},{"key":"11311_CR38","unstructured":"High-Level Expert Group on AI (AI HLEG): ETHICS GUIDELINES FOR TRUSTWORTHY AI. European Commission (2019). https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/library\/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai"},{"key":"11311_CR39","unstructured":"Fisher M, List C, Slavkovik M, Winfield A (2016) Engineering moral agents\u2013from human morality to artificial morality (dagstuhl seminar 16222). In: Dagstuhl Reports, vol. 6. Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik"},{"issue":"1","key":"11311_CR40","first-page":"8","volume":"19","author":"LA Dennis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dennis LA, Slavkovik M (2018) Machines that know right and cannot do wrong: the theory and practice of machine ethics. IEEE Intell Inf Bull 19(1):8\u201311","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Inf Bull"},{"issue":"9","key":"11311_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","volume":"1","author":"A Jobin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jobin A, Ienca M, Vayena E (2019) The global landscape of AI ETHICS GUIDELINES. Nat Mach Intell 1(9):389\u2013399","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"11311_CR42","unstructured":"M\u00fcller VC (2023) Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. In: Zalta EN, Nodelman U (eds) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall, 2023rd edn. Stanford University, Stanford, Metaphysics Research Lab"},{"issue":"1","key":"11311_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1108\/JICES-12-2019-0138","volume":"19","author":"M Ryan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ryan M, Stahl BC (2020) Artificial intelligence ethics guidelines for developers and users: clarifying their content and normative implications. J Inf Commun Ethics Soc 19(1):61\u201386","journal-title":"J Inf Commun Ethics Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"11311_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3419633","volume":"53","author":"S Tolmeijer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tolmeijer S, Kneer M, Sarasua C, Christen M, Bernstein A (2020) Implementations in machine ethics: a survey. ACM Comput Surv (CSUR) 53(6):1\u201338","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv (CSUR)"},{"issue":"3","key":"11311_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09539-2","volume":"30","author":"I Gabriel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gabriel I (2020) Artificial intelligence, values, and alignment. Mind Mach 30(3):411\u2013437","journal-title":"Mind Mach"},{"key":"11311_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2021.103535","volume":"299","author":"D Silver","year":"2021","unstructured":"Silver D, Singh S, Precup D, Sutton RS (2021) Reward is enough. Artif Intell 299:103535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.artint.2021.103535","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"key":"11311_CR47","unstructured":"Peschl M, Zgonnikov A, Oliehoek FA, Cavalcante Siebert L (2022) MORAL: Aligning ai with human norms through multi-objective reinforced active learning. In: Pelachaud, C., Taylor, M. (eds.) Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS \u201922), pp 1038\u20131046"},{"issue":"1","key":"11311_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-022-09635-0","volume":"24","author":"M Rodriguez-Soto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Soto M, Serramia M, Lopez-Sanchez M, Rodriguez-Aguilar JA (2022) Instilling moral value alignment by means of multi-objective reinforcement learning. Ethics Inf Technol 24(1):9","journal-title":"Ethics Inf Technol"},{"key":"11311_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Soto M, Lopez-Sanchez M, Rodriguez\u00a0Aguilar JA (2021) Multi-objective reinforcement learning for designing ethical environments. In: Zhou, Z.-H. (ed.) Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI-21, pp. 545\u2013551. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, California. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/76. Main Track. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/76","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/76"},{"key":"11311_CR50","unstructured":"Siddique U, Weng P, Zimmer M (2020) Learning fair policies in multi-objective (deep) reinforcement learning with average and discounted rewards. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp 8905\u20138915. PMLR"},{"key":"11311_CR51","unstructured":"Sen A, et al (1999) Commodities and capabilities. OUP Catalogue"},{"key":"11311_CR52","unstructured":"Nussbaum MC (2000) Women and human development: The Capabilities Approach. The Seeley Lectures. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"4","key":"11311_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.12028","volume":"42","author":"S Saisubramanian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saisubramanian S, Zilberstein S, Kamar E (2021) Avoiding negative side effects due to incomplete knowledge of ai systems. AI Mag 42(4):62\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aaai.12028","journal-title":"AI Mag"},{"key":"11311_CR54","unstructured":"Huang S, Abdolmaleki A, Vezzani G, Brakel P, Mankowitz DJ, Neunert M, Bohez S, Tassa Y, Heess N, Riedmiller M, et al (2022) A constrained multi-objective reinforcement learning framework. In: Conference on Robot Learning, pp 883\u2013893. PMLR"},{"key":"11311_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2023.104352","volume":"156","author":"X He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He X, Lv C (2023) Toward personalized decision making for autonomous vehicles: a constrained multi-objective reinforcement learning technique. Transp Res Part C: Emerg Technol 156:104352","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C: Emerg Technol"}],"container-title":["Neural Computing and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-025-11311-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00521-025-11311-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00521-025-11311-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T12:37:33Z","timestamp":1760013453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00521-025-11311-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["11311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00521-025-11311-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0941-0643"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1433-3058"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest relevant to the content of this work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}