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Existing methods often overlook continual analysis of the changes in emotions during spontaneous conversations. In this study, considering a set of spatial and temporal attributes, a novel one-dimensional\n                    <jats:italic>weighted emotion model<\/jats:italic>\n                    is proposed to accurately scale the emotion intensity levels. Further, a tri-stream deep framework, called\n                    <jats:italic>TriCe<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is proposed to estimate the emotion changes using three complementary modal information from videos, namely key-frame, video and voice. In TriCe, each modal information is extracted separately and combined using an adaptive fusion technique, which is then used to recognize the emotion level. Experimental results on a newly constructed benchmark emotion dataset demonstrate that our TriCe framework is feasible in estimating emotion changes. Comparison with other existing works demonstrates that the TriCe sets the benchmark for emotion estimation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-026-12241-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T08:56:09Z","timestamp":1781945769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TriCe: Tri-stream video-based emotion change estimation framework"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6378-9940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selvarajah","family":"Thuseethan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sutharshan","family":"Rajasegarar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Yearwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharanidharan","family":"Shanmugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yakub","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"12241_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.48.4.384","volume":"48","author":"P Ekman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ekman P (1993) Facial expression and emotion. 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