{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:17:25Z","timestamp":1758845845434,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimedia Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-019-00636-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T12:03:12Z","timestamp":1573041792000},"page":"173-190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A reliable and efficient micro-protocol for data transmission over an RTP-based covert channel"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Azadmanesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6112-538X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Mahdavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Behrouz","family":"Shahgholi Ghahfarokhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"636_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1145\/362375.362389","volume":"16","author":"BW Lamport","year":"1973","unstructured":"Lamport, B.W.: A note on the confinement problem. Commun. ACM 16, 613\u2013615 (1973)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"636_CR2","unstructured":"Millen J.: 20 years of covert channel modeling and analysis. In: Proceedings of 1999 IEEE symposium on security and privacy, pp 113\u2013114. Oakland, CA, USA\u00a0(1999)"},{"key":"636_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2543581.2543587","volume":"46","author":"W Mazurczyk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mazurczyk, W.: VoIP steganography and its detection\u2014a survey. ACM Comput. Surv. 46, 1\u201320 (2013)","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"636_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wendzel, S., Keller, J.: Systematic engineering of control protocols for covert channels. In: International Conference on Commun. Multimed. Secur., pp 131\u2013144. Berlin, Germany (2012)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32805-3_11"},{"key":"636_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-014-0423-x","volume":"69","author":"S Wendzel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wendzel, S., Keller, J.: Hidden and under control. Ann. Telecommun. 69, 417\u2013430 (2014)","journal-title":"Ann. Telecommun."},{"key":"636_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamdaqa, M., Tahvildari, L.: ReLACK: a reliable VoIP steganography approach. In: 2011 Fifth International Conference on Secure Software Integration and Reliability Improvement, pp 189\u2013197. Jeju Island, South Korea (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/SSIRI.2011.24"},{"key":"636_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-009-9245-y","volume":"45","author":"W Mazurczyk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mazurczyk, W., Lubacz, J.: LACK\u2014a VoIP steganographic method. Telecommun. Syst. 45, 153\u2013163 (2010)","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"key":"636_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.502","volume":"5","author":"W Mazurczyk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mazurczyk, W.: Lost audio packets steganography: the first practical evaluation. Secur. Commun. Netw. 5, 1394\u20131403 (2012)","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"636_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1145\/359168.359176","volume":"22","author":"A Shamir","year":"1979","unstructured":"Shamir, A.: How to share a secret. Commun. ACM 22, 612\u2013613 (1979)","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"issue":"15","key":"636_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.1500","volume":"9","author":"M Naumann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Naumann, M., Wendzel, S., Mazurczyk, W., Keller, J.: Micro protocol engineering for unstructured carriers: on the embedding of steganographic control protocols into audio transmissions. Secur. Commun. Netw. 9(15), 2972\u20132985 (2016)","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"636_CR11","unstructured":"Mazurczyk, W., Kotulski, Z.: New security and control protocol for VoIP based on steganography and digital watermarking. In: Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Computer Science-Research and Applications (IBIZA 2006), pp 9\u201311. Kazimierz Dolny, Poland (2006)"},{"key":"636_CR12","unstructured":"Forbes, C.R.: A new covert channel over RTP. MSc thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology (2009)"},{"key":"636_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, T., Lee, W.: An assessment of VoIP covert channel threats. In: Third International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communications Networks and the Workshops, pp 371\u2013380. Nice, France (2007)","DOI":"10.1109\/SECCOM.2007.4550357"},{"key":"636_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, T., Yang, Z.: Simple and effective speech steganography in G.723.1 low-rate codes. International Conference on Wireless Communications & Signal Processing, pp 1\u20134. Nanjing, China (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2009.5371745"},{"key":"636_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, H., Zhou, K., Jiang, H., Huang, Y., Liu, J., Feng, D.: An adaptive steganography scheme for voice over IP. In: IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp 2922\u20132925. Taipei, Taiwan (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2009.5118414"},{"key":"636_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, E., Liu, B., Xu, L., Wei, Z., Zhao, B., Su, J.: Adaptive VoIP Steganography for Information Hiding within Network Audio Streams. In: 14th IEEE International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems, pp 612\u2013617. Tirana, Albania (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/NBiS.2011.103"},{"issue":"4","key":"636_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-013-0212-9","volume":"5","author":"Z Wei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wei, Z., Zhao, B., Liu, B., Su, J., Xu, L., Xu, L.: A novel steganography approach for voice over IP. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput. 5(4), 601\u2013610 (2014)","journal-title":"Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"636_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao, R., Huang, Y.: An approach of covert communication based on the adaptive steganography scheme on Voice over IP. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp 612\u2013617. Kyoto, Japan (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/icc.2011.5962657"},{"key":"636_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Zhou, K., Tian, H.: Least-significant-digit steganography in low bitrate speech. In: IEEE International Conference on Communications, pp 1133\u20131137. Ottawa, ON, Canada (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2012.6363997"},{"issue":"2011","key":"636_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2011.07.003","volume":"34","author":"H Tian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tian, H., Jiang, H., Zhou, K., Feng, D.: Adaptive partial-matching steganography for voice over IP using triple M sequences. Comput. Commun. 34(2011), 2236\u20132247 (2011)","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"issue":"2015","key":"636_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2015.08.011","volume":"70","author":"H Tian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tian, H., Qin, J., Guo, S., Huang, Y., Liu, J., Wang, T., Chen, Y., Cai, Y.: Improved adaptive partial-matching steganography for Voice over IP. Comput. Commun. 70(2015), 95\u2013108 (2015)","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"636_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, K., Liu, J., Tian, H., Li, C.: State-based steganography in low bit rate speech. In: 20th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp 1109\u20131112. Nara, Japan (2012)","DOI":"10.1145\/2393347.2396395"},{"key":"636_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Zhang, L., Tang, S., Zhou, Z.: Real-time covert VoIP communications over smart grids by using AES-based audio steganography. In: IEEE International Conference on and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing, pp 2102\u20132107. Beijing, China (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/GreenCom-iThings-CPSCom.2013.395"},{"key":"636_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-017-0565-6","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Tang, S.: An efficient and secure VoIP communication system with chaotic mapping and message digest. Multimed. Syst. (2017). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00530-017-0565-6","journal-title":"Multimed. Syst."},{"key":"636_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, B., Huang, Y., Tang, S.: An approach to information hiding in low bit-rate speech stream. 2008 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, pp 1\u20135. New Orleans, LO, USA\u00a0 (2008)","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2008.ECP.375"},{"issue":"6","key":"636_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2218599","volume":"7","author":"Y Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Liu, C., Tang, S., Bai, S.: Steganography integration into a low-bit rate speech codec. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 7(6), 1865\u20131875 (2012)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"issue":"2","key":"636_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-013-0302-8","volume":"20","author":"H Tian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tian, H., Liu, J., Li, S.: Improving security of quantization-index-modulation steganography in low bit-rate speech streams. Multimed. Syst. 20(2), 143\u2013154 (2014)","journal-title":"Multimed. Syst."},{"issue":"10","key":"636_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-016-0707-3","volume":"60","author":"Y Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Tao, H., Xia, B., Chang, C.: Steganography in low-bit rate speech stream based quantization index modulation controlled by keys. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 60(10), 1585\u20131596 (2017)","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"636_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-012-1224-8","volume":"70","author":"W Mazurczyk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mazurczyk, W., Szaga, P., Szczypiorski, K.: Using transcoding for hidden communication in IP telephony. Multimed. Tools Appl. 70(3), 2139\u20132165 (2014)","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"636_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, J., Tian, H., Huang, Y., Liu, J., Chen, Y., Wang, T., Cai, Y., Wang, X.A.: An Efficient VoIP steganography based on random binary matrix. In: 10th International Conference on P2P, Parallel, Grid, Cloud and Internet Computing, pp 462\u2013465. \u00a0Krakow, Poland (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/3PGCIC.2015.65"},{"key":"636_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F., Li, B., Peng, L., Chen, W., Zheng, L., Xu, K.: A steganographic method based on high bit rates speech codec of G.723.1. In: Cloud Computing and Security, pp 312\u2013322. Haikou, China (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00021-9_29"},{"key":"636_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohls, K., Holz, T., Kolossa, D., Popper, C.: SkypeLine: Robust Hidden Data Transmission for VoIP. 11th ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communication Security, pp 877\u2013888. Haikou, China (2016)","DOI":"10.1145\/2897845.2897913"},{"key":"636_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Chen, S., Jajodia, S.: Tracking anonymous peer-to-peer VoIP calls on the internet. 12th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS \u201805), pp 81\u201391 (2005)","DOI":"10.1145\/1102120.1102133"},{"key":"636_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2006.1705881","volume":"20","author":"S Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen, S., Wang, X., Jajodia, S.: on the anonymity and traceability of peer-to-peer VoIP calls. IEEE Netw. 20, 32\u201337 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"636_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wendzel, S., Keller, J.: Low-attention forwarding for mobile network covert channels. In: Communication and Multimedia Security, pp 122\u2013133. Xi'an, China (2011)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24712-5_10"},{"key":"636_CR36","unstructured":"Stodle, D.: Ping tunnel-for those times when everything else is blocked. \nhttp:\/\/www.cs.uit.no\/daniels\/PingTunnel\n\n. Accessed 02 Feb 2018"},{"key":"636_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray, B., Mishra, S.: A protocol for building secure and reliable covert channel. In: Sixth Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust, pp 246\u2013253. Fredericton, NB, Canada\u00a0 (2008)","DOI":"10.1109\/PST.2008.26"},{"key":"636_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nain, A., Rajalakshmi, P.: A reliable covert channel over IEEE 802.15.4 using steganography. In: Proceedings of 3rd World Forum on Internet of Things, pp 1\u20136.\u00a0Reston, VA, USA (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2016.7845486"},{"issue":"1","key":"636_CR39","first-page":"64","volume":"5","author":"Z Trabelsi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Trabelsi, Z., Jawhar, I.: Covert file transfer protocol based on the ip record route option. J. Inf. Assur. Secur. 5(1), 64\u201373 (2010)","journal-title":"J. Inf. Assur. Secur."},{"key":"636_CR40","unstructured":"Golzar, A.: Reliable and real-time VoIP steganography. MSc thesis, University of Isfahan (In Persian) (2015)"},{"key":"636_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-192-6","volume-title":"Multimedia Security: Steganography and Digital Watermarking Techniques for Protection of Intellectual Property","author":"C-S Lu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lu, C.-S.: Multimedia Security: Steganography and Digital Watermarking Techniques for Protection of Intellectual Property, pp. 231\u2013247. Idea Group Publishing, Hershey (2005)"},{"key":"636_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1137\/0108018","volume":"8","author":"IS Reed","year":"1960","unstructured":"Reed, I.S., Solomon, G.: Polynomial codes over certain finite fields. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 8, 300\u2013304 (1960)","journal-title":"SIAM J. Appl. Math."}],"container-title":["Multimedia Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00530-019-00636-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00530-019-00636-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00530-019-00636-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:34:19Z","timestamp":1604536459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00530-019-00636-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00530-019-00636-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0942-4962","1432-1882"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0942-4962"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1432-1882"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}