{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:07:31Z","timestamp":1787962051252,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Epic MegaGrants program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FACS DEEP LEARNING TOOL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FACS DEEP LEARNING TOOL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimedia Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With the introduction of concepts for virtual interaction and digital doubles, a rich scenario has been created for embodied avatars to strive. These avatars, more recently referred to as digital humans, have become a popular area of research, resulting in various techniques and methods that focus on improving the perception of their realism, fidelity, emphatic response, and interactivity. This survey aims to explore the literature and recent advancements on the key processes behind the creation and animation of digital human faces through the view of a general pipeline. The extensive review carried out in this study explores the usual data collection protocols, the main facial codification paradigms and databases, the approaches for digital human asset creation, facial tracking solutions for performance-driven animation, the solving process, and the final rendering delivery. Different quantitative evaluation methods, visual perception tests, and empathetic response evaluations for digital humans are also included in the survey. Additionally, the paper presents an updated summary of public and private frameworks for digital humans that go through the complete general pipeline presented. Finally, the condensed knowledge is discussed, inquiring into the possible direction of future developments in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-023-01081-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T01:45:46Z","timestamp":1680486346000},"page":"1917-1940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A survey on the pipeline evolution of facial capture and tracking for digital humans"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Vilchis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmina","family":"Perez-Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Mendez-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Gonzalez-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1081_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1109\/76.752096","volume":"9","author":"GA Abrantes","year":"1999","unstructured":"Abrantes, G.A., Pereira, F.: Mpeg-4 facial animation technology: survey, implementation, and results. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 9(2), 290\u2013305 (1999)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol"},{"key":"1081_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agianpuye, S., Minoi, J.L.: 3d facial expression synthesis: a survey. In: 2013 8th International Conference on Information Technology in Asia (CITA), pp.\u00a01\u20137 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CITA.2013.6637552","DOI":"10.1109\/CITA.2013.6637552"},{"key":"1081_CR3","unstructured":"Ahlberg, J.: Candide-3: an updated parameterised face (2001)"},{"key":"1081_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander, O., Rogers, M., Lambeth, W., Chiang, M., Debevec, P.: Creating a photoreal digital actor: the digital emily project. In: 2009 Conference for Visual Media Production, pp. 176\u2013187. IEEE (2009)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVMP.2009.29"},{"issue":"1","key":"1081_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s13319-015-0038-7","volume":"6","author":"MH Alkawaz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alkawaz, M.H., Mohamad, D., Basori, A.H., Saba, T.: Blend shape interpolation and facs for realistic avatar. 3D Res. 6(1), 6 (2015)","journal-title":"3D Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"1081_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2015.2432794","volume":"6","author":"R Amini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amini, R., Lisetti, C., Ruiz, G.: Hapfacs 3.0: Facs-based facial expression generator for 3d speaking virtual characters. IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 6(4), 348\u2013360 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"1081_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andrus, C., Ahn, J., Alessi, M., Dib, A., Gosselin, P., Th\u00e9bault, C., Chevallier, L., Romeo, M.: Facelab: Scalable facial performance capture for visual effects. In: The Digital Production Symposium. DigiPro \u201920, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3403736.3403938","DOI":"10.1145\/3403736.3403938"},{"key":"1081_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aneja, D., Chaudhuri, B., Colburn, A., Faigin, G., Shapiro, L., Mones, B.: Learning to generate 3d stylized character expressions from humans. In: 2018 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), pp. 160\u2013169. IEEE (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2018.00024"},{"key":"1081_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54184-6_9","volume-title":"Computer Vision: ACCV 2016","author":"D Aneja","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aneja, D., Colburn, A., Faigin, G., Shapiro, L., Mones, B.: Modeling stylized character expressions via deep learning. In: Lai, S.H., Lepetit, V., Nishino, K., Sato, Y. (eds.) Computer Vision: ACCV 2016, pp. 136\u2013153. Springer International Publishing, Berlin (2017)"},{"key":"1081_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aneja, D., McDuff, D., Shah, S.: A high-fidelity open embodied avatar with lip syncing and expression capabilities. In: 2019 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, pp. 69\u201373 (2019)","DOI":"10.1145\/3340555.3353744"},{"key":"1081_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aseeri, S., Marin, S., Landers, R.N., Interrante, V., Rosenberg, E.S.: Embodied realistic avatar system with body motions and facial expressions for communication in virtual reality applications. In: 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), pp. 580\u2013581. IEEE (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00141"},{"key":"1081_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baltrusaitis, T., Zadeh, A., Lim, Y.C., Morency, L.: Openface 2.0: facial behavior analysis toolkit. In: 2018 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition (FG 2018), pp. 59\u201366 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FG.2018.00019","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2018.00019"},{"key":"1081_CR13","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Verbal and Nonverbal Features of Human-Human and Human\u2013Machine Interaction","author":"M Bartlett","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bartlett, M., Littlewort, G., Vural, E., Lee, K., Cetin, M., Ercil, A., Movellan, J.: Data mining spontaneous facial behavior with automatic expression coding. In: Esposito, A., Bourbakis, N.G., Avouris, N., Hatzilygeroudis, I. (eds.) Verbal and Nonverbal Features of Human-Human and Human\u2013Machine Interaction, pp. 1\u201320. Springer, Berlin (2008)"},{"key":"1081_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bennett, G., Kruse, J.: Teaching visual storytelling for virtual production pipelines incorporating motion capture and visual effects. In: SIGGRAPH Asia 2015 symposium on education. SA \u201915, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2818498.2818516","DOI":"10.1145\/2818498.2818516"},{"key":"1081_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhat, K.S., Goldenthal, R., Ye, Y., Mallet, R., Koperwas, M.: High fidelity facial animation capture and retargeting with contours. In: Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGGRAPH\/eurographics symposium on computer animation, pp. 7\u201314 (2013)","DOI":"10.1145\/2485895.2485915"},{"issue":"9","key":"1081_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1227983","volume":"25","author":"V Blanz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blanz, V., Vetter, T.: Face recognition based on fitting a 3d morphable model. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 25(9), 1063\u20131074 (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1227983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"1081_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blascovich, J.: Social influence within immersive virtual environments. In: Schroeder, R. (ed.) The social life of avatars, pp. 127\u2013145. Springer (2002)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-0277-9_8"},{"key":"1081_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borshukov, G., Piponi, D., Larsen, O., Lewis, J.P., Tempelaar-Lietz, C.: Universal capture-image-based facial animation for \u201cthe matrix reloaded\u201d. In: ACM Siggraph 2005 Courses, pp. 16\u2013es (2005)","DOI":"10.1145\/1198555.1198596"},{"key":"1081_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2461912.2461976","author":"S Bouaziz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bouaziz, S., Wang, Y., Pauly, M.: Online modeling for realtime facial animation. ACM Trans. Graph. (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2461912.2461976","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"1081_CR20","unstructured":"Burke, B.: Hype cycle for emerging technologies, 2021. Tech. rep., Gartner, Inc, Stamford, CT 06902 USA (2021)"},{"key":"1081_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1075\/aicr.74","volume-title":"Animating Expressive Characters for Social Interaction","author":"L Ca\u00f1amero","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ca\u00f1amero, L., Aylett, R.: Animating Expressive Characters for Social Interaction, vol. 74. John Benjamins Publishing, Amsterdam (2008)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1081_CR22","first-page":"1","volume":"33","author":"C Cao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cao, C., Hou, Q., Zhou, K.: Displaced dynamic expression regression for real-time facial tracking and animation. ACM Trans. Graph. (TOG) 33(4), 1\u201310 (2014)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph. (TOG)"},{"key":"1081_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang, F.J., Tuan\u00a0Tran, A., Hassner, T., Masi, I., Nevatia, R., Medioni, G.: Expnet: Landmark-free, deep, 3d facial expressions. In: 2018 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2018), pp. 122\u2013129 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FG.2018.00027","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2018.00027"},{"key":"1081_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choi, B., Eom, H., Mouscadet, B., Cullingford, S., Ma, K., Gassel, S., Kim, S., Moffat, A., Maier, M., Revelant, M., Letteri, J., Singh, K.: Animatomy: An animator-centric, anatomically inspired system for 3d facial modeling, animation and transfer. In: SIGGRAPH Asia 2022 Conference Papers. SA \u201922, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3550469.3555398","DOI":"10.1145\/3550469.3555398"},{"key":"1081_CR25","unstructured":"Community, A.H.: Autodesk help center. https:\/\/knowledge.autodesk.com\/support\/maya\/learn-explore\/caas\/CloudHelp\/cloudhelp\/2016\/ENU\/Maya\/files\/GUID-2E292C8A-388A-4E77-B42D-165F1C9E1E5F-htm.html (2021)"},{"key":"1081_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cosker, D., Krumhuber, E., Hilton, A.: A facs valid 3d dynamic action unit database with applications to 3d dynamic morphable facial modeling. In: 2011 International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 2296\u20132303 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCV.2011.6126510","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2011.6126510"},{"key":"1081_CR27","unstructured":"CubicMotion, U.: Siren case study. https:\/\/cubicmotion.com\/case-studies\/siren\/ (2018)"},{"key":"1081_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dan\u011b\u010dek, R., Black, M., Bolkart, T.: Emoca: Emotion driven monocular face capture and animation. In: 2022 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 20279\u201320290 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01967","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01967"},{"key":"1081_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dornaika, F., Davoine, F.: Facial expression recognition using auto-regressive models. In: 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR\u201906), vol. 2, pp. 520\u2013523 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICPR.2006.539","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2006.539"},{"key":"1081_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eckschlager, M., Lankes, M., Bernhaupt, R.: Real or unreal? An evaluation setting for emotional characters using unreal technology. In: Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCHI International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology, pp. 375\u2013376. ACE \u201905, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1178477.1178556","DOI":"10.1145\/1178477.1178556"},{"key":"1081_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3395208","author":"B Egger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Egger, B., Smith, W.A.P., Tewari, A., Wuhrer, S., Zollh\u00f6fer, M., Beeler, T., Bernard, F., Bolkart, T., Kortylewski, A., Romdhani, S., Theobalt, C., Blanz, V., Vetter, T.: 3d morphable face models-past, present, and future. ACM Trans. Graph. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3395208","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"1081_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ennis, C., Hoyet, L., Egges, A., McDonnell, R.: Emotion capture: emotionally expressive characters for games. In: Proceedings of Motion on Games, pp. 53\u201360 (2013)","DOI":"10.1145\/2522628.2522633"},{"key":"1081_CR33","unstructured":"Epic Games.: Recording facial animation from an ios device. https:\/\/docs.unrealengine.com\/4.27\/en-US\/AnimatingObjects\/SkeletalMeshAnimation\/FacialRecordingiPhone\/ (2022)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1081_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-007-0175-y","volume":"24","author":"N Ersotelos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ersotelos, N., Dong, F.: Building highly realistic facial modeling and animation: a survey. Vis. Comput. 24(1), 13\u201330 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00371-007-0175-y","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"1081_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabian Benitez-Quiroz, C., Srinivasan, R., Martinez, A.M.: Emotionet: an accurate, real-time algorithm for the automatic annotation of a million facial expressions in the wild. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 5562\u20135570 (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.600"},{"key":"1081_CR36","unstructured":"FACEGOOD.: Facegood website. https:\/\/www.facegood.cc\/ (2022)"},{"key":"1081_CR37","unstructured":"Faceware Technologies.: Faceware website. https:\/\/facewaretech.com\/ (2022)"},{"key":"1081_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3450626.3459936","author":"Y Feng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feng, Y., Feng, H., Black, M.J., Bolkart, T.: Learning an animatable detailed 3d face model from in-the-wild images. ACM Trans. Graph. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3450626.3459936","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"1081_CR39","unstructured":"Friesen, W.V., Ekman, P.: Emfacs-7: Emotional facial action coding system. University of California at San Francisco 2(36), 1 (1983) (Unpublished manuscript)"},{"key":"1081_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fyffe, G., Graham, P., Tunwattanapong, B., Ghosh, A., Debevec, P.: Near-instant capture of high-resolution facial geometry and reflectance. In: Madeira, J., Patow, G. (eds.) Computer Graphics Forum, vol.\u00a035, pp. 353\u2013363. Wiley Online Library (2016)","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12837"},{"key":"1081_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, W., Xue, J., Lu, K., Yan, Y., Gao, P., Lyu, J.: FEAFA+: an extended well-annotated dataset for facial expression analysis and 3d facial animation. CoRR arXiv:abs\/2111.02751 (2021)","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2643588"},{"key":"1081_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3084524","author":"B Gecer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gecer, B., Ploumpis, S., Kotsia, I., Zafeiriou, S.P.: Fast-ganfit: generative adversarial network for high fidelity 3d face reconstruction. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3084524","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"1081_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, A., Fyffe, G., Tunwattanapong, B., Busch, J., Yu, X., Debevec, P.: Multiview face capture using polarized spherical gradient illumination. In: Proceedings of the 2011 SIGGRAPH Asia Conference, pp. 1\u201310 (2011)","DOI":"10.1145\/2024156.2024163"},{"key":"1081_CR44","unstructured":"GiantStep Studio Co.: The process behind \u201cproject vincent\u201d. https:\/\/www.giantstep.com\/work\/vincent\/ (2019)"},{"key":"1081_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert, M., Demarchi, S., Urdapilleta, I.: Facshuman a software to create experimental material by modeling 3d facial expression. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 333\u2013334 (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3267851.3267865"},{"key":"1081_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3272127.3275073","author":"P Gotardo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gotardo, P., Riviere, J., Bradley, D., Ghosh, A., Beeler, T.: Practical dynamic facial appearance modeling and acquisition. ACM Trans. Graph. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3272127.3275073","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"1081_CR47","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Zhang, J., Cai, L., Cai, J., Zheng, J.: Self-supervised cnn for unconstrained 3d facial performance capture from an rgb-d camera. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.05323v1 (2018)"},{"key":"1081_CR48","unstructured":"Haber, J., K\u00e4hler, K., Albrecht, I., Yamauchi, H., Seidel, H.P.: Face to face: from real humans to realistic facial animation. In: Proceedings Israel-Korea Binational Conference on Geometrical Modeling and Computer Graphics, vol.\u00a02001, pp. 73\u201382. Citeseer (2001)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1081_CR49","first-page":"162","volume":"8","author":"Y He","year":"2019","unstructured":"He, Y., Choi, Cv.: A study of facial expression of digital character with muscle simulation system. Int. J. Adv. Smart Converg. 8(2), 162\u2013169 (2019)","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Smart Converg."},{"key":"1081_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendler, D., Moser, L., Battulwar, R., Corral, D., Cramer, P., Miller, R., Cloudsdale, R., Roble, D.: Avengers: capturing thanos\u2019s complex face. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2018 Talks, pp.\u00a01\u20132 (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3214745.3214766"},{"key":"1081_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-016-0380-9","volume":"9","author":"CC Ho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ho, C.C., MacDorman, K.: Measuring the uncanny valley effect: refinements to indices for perceived humanness, attractiveness, and eeriness. Int. J. Soc. Robot. 9, 129\u2013139 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-016-0380-9","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"1081_CR52","unstructured":"Horain, P., Marques\u00a0Soares, J., Zhou, D., Li, Z., Gomez\u00a0Jauregui, D.A., Allusse, Y.: Perceiving and rendering users in a 3D interaction. In: IHCI 2010 : Second IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Human Computer Interaction. pp. 42\u201353. Springer (2010). https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-00836606"},{"key":"1081_CR53","unstructured":"iClone: 3d facial animation | iclone | reallusion. https:\/\/www.reallusion.com\/iclone\/3d-facial-animation.html (2022)"},{"key":"1081_CR54","unstructured":"games International, E.: Unreal 5 full body ik system. https:\/\/docs.unrealengine.com\/5.0\/en-US\/AnimationFeatures\/PBIK\/ (2021)"},{"key":"1081_CR55","unstructured":"International Epic Games.: Epic games metahuman creator. https:\/\/metahuman.unrealengine.com\/ (2021)"},{"key":"1081_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-013-1604-8","author":"J Jia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jia, J., Wu, Z., Zhang, S., Meng, H., Cai, L.: Head and facial gestures synthesis using pad model for an expressive talking avatar. Multimed. Tools Appl. (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-013-1604-8","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"1081_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.7230\/KOSCAS.2014.37.221","volume":"37","author":"HY Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, H.Y., Park, D.J., Lee, T.G.: Comparative analysis of markerless facial recognition technology for 3d character\u2019s facial expression animation-focusing on the method of faceware and faceshift. Cartoon Anim. Stud. 37, 221\u2013245 (2014)","journal-title":"Cartoon Anim. Stud."},{"key":"1081_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Komorowski, D., Melapudi, V., Mortillaro, D., Lee, G.S.: A hybrid approach to facial rigging. In: ACM SIGGRAPH ASI LeA 2010 Sketches. SA \u201910, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1899950.1899992","DOI":"10.1145\/1899950.1899992"},{"issue":"2","key":"1081_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026632","volume":"12","author":"EG Krumhuber","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krumhuber, E.G., Tamarit, L., Roesch, E.B., Scherer, K.R.: Facsgen 2.0 animation software: Generating three-dimensional facs-valid facial expressions for emotion research. Emotion 12(2), 351 (2012)","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"1081_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3125598","author":"A Lattas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lattas, A., Moschoglou, S., Ploumpis, S., Gecer, B., Ghosh, A., Zafeiriou, S.P.: Avatarme++: Facial shape and brdf inference with photorealistic rendering-aware gans. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3125598","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"1081_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6977","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.2996086","volume":"29","author":"J Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, J., Kim, S., Kim, S., Sohn, K.: Multi-modal recurrent attention networks for facial expression recognition. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 29, 6977\u20136991 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIP.2020.2996086","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"1081_CR62","unstructured":"Lee, Y., Terzopoulos, D., Waters, K.: Constructing physics-based facial models of individuals. In: Graphics Interface, pp.\u00a01. Canadian Information Processing Society (1993)"},{"key":"1081_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y., Terzopoulos, D., Waters, K.: Realistic modeling for facial animation. In: Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, pp. 55\u201362 (1995)","DOI":"10.1145\/218380.218407"},{"key":"1081_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lefevre, S., Odobez, J.M.: Structure and appearance features for robust 3d facial actions tracking. In: 2009 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp. 298\u2013301 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICME.2009.5202494","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2009.5202494"},{"key":"1081_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130800.3130813","author":"T Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, T., Bolkart, T., Black, M.J., Li, H., Romero, J.: Learning a model of facial shape and expression from 4d scans. ACM Trans. Graph. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3130800.3130813","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"1081_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3844","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2021.3065819","volume":"30","author":"J Lou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lou, J., Cai, X., Dong, J., Yu, H.: Real-time 3d facial tracking via cascaded compositional learning. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 30, 3844\u20133857 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIP.2021.3065819","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"1081_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucey, P., Cohn, J.F., Kanade, T., Saragih, J., Ambadar, Z., Matthews, I.: The extended cohn-kanade dataset (ck+): a complete dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression. In: 2010 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition-workshops, pp. 94\u2013101. IEEE (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2010.5543262"},{"key":"1081_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lucey, P., Cohn, J.F., Prkachin, K.M., Solomon, P.E., Matthews, I.: Painful data: the unbc-mcmaster shoulder pain expression archive database. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition (FG), pp. 57\u201364 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FG.2011.5771462","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2011.5771462"},{"key":"1081_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, W.C., Jones, A., Hawkins, T., Chiang, J.Y., Debevec, P.: A high-resolution geometry capture system for facial performance. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 talks, pp.\u00a01 (2008)","DOI":"10.1145\/1401032.1401036"},{"issue":"5","key":"1081_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01914864","volume":"3","author":"N Magnenat-Thalmann","year":"1988","unstructured":"Magnenat-Thalmann, N., Primeau, E., Thalmann, D.: Abstract muscle action procedures for human face animation. Vis. Comput. 3(5), 290\u2013297 (1988)","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"1081_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mavadati, M., Sanger, P., Mahoor, M.H.: Extended disfa dataset: Investigating posed and spontaneous facial expressions. In: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), pp. 1452\u20131459 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPRW.2016.182","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2016.182"},{"key":"1081_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185587","volume":"31","author":"R McDonnell","year":"2012","unstructured":"McDonnell, R., Breidt, M., B\u00fclthoff, H.: Render me real? Investigating the effect of render style on the perception of animated virtual humans. ACM Trans. Graph. 31, 91:1-91:11 (2012)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"1081_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McDuff, D., el\u00a0Kaliouby, R., Senechal, T., Amr, M., Cohn, J.F., Picard, R.: Affectiva-mit facial expression dataset (am-fed): naturalistic and spontaneous facial expressions collected \u201cin-the-wild\u201d. In: 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, pp. 881\u2013888 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPRW.2013.130","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2013.130"},{"issue":"2","key":"1081_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2012.2192811","volume":"19","author":"M Mori","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mori, M., MacDorman, K.F., Kageki, N.: The uncanny valley [from the field]. IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag. 19(2), 98\u2013100 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MRA.2012.2192811","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag."},{"key":"1081_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moser, L., Hendler, D., Roble, D.: Masquerade: fine-scale details for head-mounted camera motion capture data. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2017 Talks, pp.\u00a01\u20132. ACM, Los Angeles (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3084363.3085086","DOI":"10.1145\/3084363.3085086"},{"key":"1081_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Navarro, I., Kneubuehler, D., Verhulsdonck, T., Du\u00a0Bois, E.D., Welch, W., Verma, V., Sachs, I., Bhat, K.: Fast facial animation from video. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2021 Talks. SIGGRAPH \u201921, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3450623.3464681","DOI":"10.1145\/3450623.3464681"},{"key":"1081_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nhan, J.: Face Tracking, pp. 293\u2013307. Apress, Berkeley (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4842-7836-9_16","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-7836-9_16"},{"key":"1081_CR78","volume-title":"Rig it right!: Maya animation rigging concepts","author":"T O\u2019Hailey","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Hailey, T.: Rig it right!: Maya animation rigging concepts. Taylor & Francis, CRC Press (2019)"},{"key":"1081_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oquab, M., Bottou, L., Laptev, I., Sivic, J.: Learning and transferring mid-level image representations using convolutional neural networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 1717\u20131724 (2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.222"},{"key":"1081_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ostermann, J.: Animation of synthetic faces in mpeg-4. In: Proceedings Computer Animation \u201998 (Cat. No.98EX169), pp. 49\u201355 (1998). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CA.1998.681907","DOI":"10.1109\/CA.1998.681907"},{"key":"1081_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Page, M.J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J.M., Akl, E.A., Brennan, S.E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J.M., Hr\u00f3bjartsson, A., Lalu, M.M., Li, T., Loder, E.W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness, L.A., Stewart, L.A., Thomas, J., Tricco, A.C., Welch, V.A., Whiting, P., McKenzie, J.E.: Prisma 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n160. https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/372\/bmj.n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160"},{"key":"1081_CR82","volume-title":"MPEG-4 Facial Animation: The Standard Implementation and Applications","author":"IS Pandzic","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pandzic, I.S., Forchheimer, R.: MPEG-4 Facial Animation: The Standard Implementation and Applications. Wiley, New York (2003)"},{"key":"1081_CR83","volume-title":"MPEG-4 Facial Animation: The Standard, Implementation and Applications","author":"IS Pandzic","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pandzic, I.S., Forchheimer, R.: MPEG-4 Facial Animation: The Standard, Implementation and Applications. Wiley, New York (2003)"},{"key":"1081_CR84","unstructured":"Pantic, M., Valstar, M., Rademaker, R., Maat, L.: Web-based database for facial expression analysis. In: 2005 IEEE international conference on multimedia and Expo, pp. 5. IEEE (2005)"},{"key":"1081_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parke, F.I.: Computer generated animation of faces. In: Proceedings of the ACM annual conference-Volume 1, pp. 451\u2013457 (1972)","DOI":"10.1145\/800193.569955"},{"key":"1081_CR86","unstructured":"Pelachaud, C., Maya, V., Lamolle, M.: Representation of expressivity for embodied conversational agents. In: Workshop Balanced Perception and Action, Third International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents & Multi-Agent Systems, vol.\u00a010. Citeseer, New York (2004)"},{"key":"1081_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pettersson, E.: Social interaction with real-time facial motion capture (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3136457.3136461"},{"key":"1081_CR88","unstructured":"Pighin, F., Lewis, J.: Digital face cloning. Siggraph course (2005)"},{"key":"1081_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pighin, F., Hecker, J., Lischinski, D., Szeliski, R., Salesin, D.H.: Synthesizing realistic facial expressions from photographs. In: Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, pp. 75\u201384. SIGGRAPH \u201998, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (1998). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/280814.280825","DOI":"10.1145\/280814.280825"},{"issue":"4","key":"1081_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.7763\/IJCTE.2013.V5.770","volume":"5","author":"HY Ping","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ping, H.Y., Abdullah, L.N., Sulaiman, P.S., Halin, A.A.: Computer facial animation: a review. Int. J. Comput. Theory Eng. 5(4), 658\u2013662 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7763\/IJCTE.2013.V5.770","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Theory Eng."},{"key":"1081_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purushothaman, R.: Morph animation and facial rigging. Character Rigging and Advanced Animation: Bring Your Character to Life Using Autodesk 3ds Max, pp.\u00a0243 (2019)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-5037-2_9"},{"issue":"4","key":"1081_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1145\/270955.270962","volume":"3","author":"P Rademacher","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rademacher, P.: Ray tracing: graphics for the masses. XRDS 3(4), 3\u20137 (1997). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/270955.270962","journal-title":"XRDS"},{"key":"1081_CR93","volume-title":"Precomputation-Based Rendering","author":"R Ramamoorthi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramamoorthi, R.: Precomputation-Based Rendering. NOW Publishers Inc, Baltimore (2009)"},{"key":"1081_CR94","unstructured":"Renderpeople.: Digital human\u2014behind the scenes. Developer diary and the making of the digital human. https:\/\/digitalhuman.io\/behind-the-scenes\/ (2021)"},{"key":"1081_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reverdy, C., Gibet, S., Larboulette, C.: Optimal marker set for motion capture of dynamical facial expressions. In: Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Motion in Games, pp. 31\u201336 (2015)","DOI":"10.1145\/2822013.2822042"},{"key":"1081_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riviere, J., Gotardo, P., Bradley, D., Ghosh, A., Beeler, T.: Single-shot high-quality facial geometry and skin appearance capture. ACM Siggraph 2020 (2020)","DOI":"10.1145\/3386569.3392464"},{"key":"1081_CR97","volume-title":"What the Face Reveals: Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) Series in Affective Science","author":"E Rosenberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosenberg, E., Ekman, P.: What the Face Reveals: Basic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) Series in Affective Science. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2020)"},{"key":"1081_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruan, G., Wernert, E., Gniady, T., Tuna, E., Sherman, W.: High performance photogrammetry for academic research. In: Proceedings of the Practice and Experience on Advanced Research Computing, pp.\u00a01\u20138 (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3219104.3219148"},{"key":"1081_CR99","unstructured":"Rydfalk, M.: Candide, a parameterised face. Tech. Rep. LiTH-ISY-I-866, Link\u00f6ping University, Sweden (1987)"},{"key":"1081_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagar, M.: Reflectance field rendering of human faces for \u201cspider-man 2\u201d. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Courses, pp. 14\u2013es (2005)","DOI":"10.1145\/1198555.1198594"},{"key":"1081_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanyal, S., Bolkart, T., Feng, H., Black, M.J.: Learning to regress 3d face shape and expression from an image without 3d supervision. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00795"},{"key":"1081_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89991-4_6","volume-title":"Biometrics and Identity Management","author":"A Savran","year":"2008","unstructured":"Savran, A., Aly\u00fcz, N., Dibeklio\u011flu, H., \u00c7eliktutan, O., G\u00f6kberk, B., Sankur, B., Akarun, L.: Bosphorus database for 3d face analysis. In: Schouten, B., Juul, N.C., Drygajlo, A., Tistarelli, M. (eds.) Biometrics and Identity Management, pp. 47\u201356. Springer, Berlin (2008)"},{"key":"1081_CR103","volume-title":"Introduction to Photogrammetry","author":"T Schenk","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schenk, T.: Introduction to Photogrammetry, vol. 106. The Ohio State University, Columbus (2005)"},{"key":"1081_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Serra, J., Moser, L., McLean, D.A., Roble, D.: Simplified facial capture with head mounted cameras. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2021 Talks. SIGGRAPH \u201921, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3450623.3464637","DOI":"10.1145\/3450623.3464637"},{"key":"1081_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seymour, M., Riemer, K., Kay, J.: Interactive realistic digital avatars-revisiting the uncanny valley. Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2017)","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2017.067"},{"key":"1081_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seymour, M., Evans, C., Libreri, K.: Meet mike: epic avatars. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2017 VR Village, pp.\u00a01\u20132 (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3089269.3089276"},{"issue":"1","key":"1081_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.37917\/ijeee.18.1.4","volume":"18","author":"SD Shakir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shakir, S.D., Al-Azza, A.A.: Facial modelling and animation: an overview of the state-of-the art. Iraqi J. Electr. Electron. Eng. 18(1), 28\u201337 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37917\/ijeee.18.1.4","journal-title":"Iraqi J. Electr. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"1081_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Socolinsky, D., Wolff, L., Neuheisel, J., Eveland, C.: Illumination invariant face recognition using thermal infrared imagery. In: Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2001, vol.\u00a01, pp.\u00a0I (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2001.990519","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2001.990519"},{"key":"1081_CR109","unstructured":"Spring, A.: Adam spring website. https:\/\/adamspring.co.uk\/2020\/05\/25\/facs-rigging-texture-blending-digital-humans\/ (2021)"},{"key":"1081_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van\u00a0der Struijk, S., Huang, H.H., Mirzaei, M.S., Nishida, T.: Facsvatar: an open source modular framework for real-time facs based facial animation. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 159\u2013164. IVA \u201918, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3267851.3267918","DOI":"10.1145\/3267851.3267918"},{"issue":"2","key":"1081_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1109\/76.752094","volume":"9","author":"H Tao","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tao, H., Chen, H., Wu, W., Huang, T.: Compression of mpeg-4 facial animation parameters for transmission of talking heads. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 9(2), 264\u2013276 (1999). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/76.752094","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"1081_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terzopoulos, D., Waters, K.: Techniques for realistic facial modeling and animation. In: Computer Animation\u201991, pp. 59\u201374. Springer (1991)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-66890-9_5"},{"key":"1081_CR113","unstructured":"The MakeHuman Community: Makehuman. http:\/\/www.makehumancommunity.org\/ (2022)"},{"key":"1081_CR114","unstructured":"Unity: Enemies. https:\/\/unity.com\/es\/demos\/enemies (2022)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1081_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/93.839309","volume":"7","author":"S Valente","year":"2000","unstructured":"Valente, S., Dugelay, J.L.: Face tracking and realistic animations for telecommunicant clones. IEEE Multimed. 7(1), 34\u201343 (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/93.839309","journal-title":"IEEE Multimed."},{"key":"1081_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Valstar, M.F., Jiang, B., Mehu, M., Pantic, M., Scherer, K.: The first facial expression recognition and analysis challenge. In: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face Gesture Recognition (FG), pp. 921\u2013926 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FG.2011.5771374","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2011.5771374"},{"key":"1081_CR117","unstructured":"Villagrasa, S., Sus\u00edn\u00a0S\u00e1nchez, A.: Face! 3d facial animation system based on facs. In: IV Iberoamerican symposium in computer graphics, pp. 203\u2013209 (2009)"},{"key":"1081_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weise, T., Li, H., Van\u00a0Gool, L., Pauly, M.: Face\/off: Live facial puppetry. In: Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, pp. 7\u201316. SCA \u201909, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1599470.1599472","DOI":"10.1145\/1599470.1599472"},{"key":"1081_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welsh, W.J.: Model-based coding of videophone images. Ph.D. thesis, British Telecom Research Lab (1991)","DOI":"10.1049\/ecej:19910006"},{"key":"1081_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6042","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3138200","volume":"10","author":"L Wen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wen, L., Zhou, J., Huang, W., Chen, F.: A survey of facial capture for virtual reality. IEEE Access 10, 6042\u20136052 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3138200","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"1081_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1145\/97880.97906","volume":"24","author":"L Williams","year":"1990","unstructured":"Williams, L.: Performance-driven facial animation. SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph. 24(4), 235\u2013242 (1990). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/97880.97906","journal-title":"SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph."},{"issue":"1","key":"1081_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3384536","volume":"3","author":"T Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie, T., Olano, M., Karis, B., Narkowicz, K.: Real-time subsurface scattering with single pass variance-guided adaptive importance sampling. Proc. ACM Comput. Graph. Interact. Tech. 3(1), 1\u201321 (2020)","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Comput. Graph. Interact. Tech."},{"key":"1081_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, W., Wu, L., Alleva, F., Droppo, J., Huang, X., Stolcke, A.: The microsoft 2017 conversational speech recognition system. In: 2018 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP), pp. 5934\u20135938. IEEE (2018)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2018.8461870"},{"key":"1081_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Girard, J.M., Wu, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, P., Ciftci, U., Canavan, S., Reale, M., Horowitz, A., Yang, H., Cohn, J.F., Ji, Q., Yin, L.: Multimodal spontaneous emotion corpus for human behavior analysis. In: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 3438\u20133446 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2016.374","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.374"},{"key":"1081_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3349609","author":"K Zibrek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zibrek, K., Martin, S., McDonnell, R.: Is photorealism important for perception of expressive virtual humans in virtual reality? ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3349609","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."},{"key":"1081_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zibrek, K., McDonnell, R.: Does render style affect perception of personality in virtual humans? In: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception, pp. 111\u2013115 (2014)","DOI":"10.1145\/2628257.2628270"},{"issue":"2","key":"1081_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13382","volume":"37","author":"M Zollh\u00f6fer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zollh\u00f6fer, M., Thies, J., Garrido, P., Bradley, D., Beeler, T., P\u00e9rez, P., Stamminger, M., Nie\u00dfner, M., Theobalt, C.: State of the art on monocular 3d face reconstruction, tracking, and applications. Comput. Graph. Forum 37(2), 523\u2013550 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cgf.13382","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00530-023-01081-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00530-023-01081-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00530-023-01081-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T06:24:32Z","timestamp":1689315872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00530-023-01081-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00530-023-01081-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0942-4962","1432-1882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0942-4962","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This work was supported through a scholarship for Carlos Vilchis by the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT). This work was also supported by the Epic MegaGrants program under Grant FACS DEEP LEARNING TOOL for Eugenia Virtual Humans S.A. de C.V., which has a financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in the survey.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}