{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T12:49:57Z","timestamp":1770814197170,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 62271193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 62271193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","award":["No. 252300421295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 252300421295"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Projects of Longmen Laboratory","award":["No. 231100220300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 231100220300"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development and Promotion of Special (Science and Technology) Project of Henan Province, China","award":["No. 242102211031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 242102211031"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific Research Project of Higher Education Institutions in Henan Province, China","award":["No. 24B520010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 24B520010"]}]},{"name":"Frontier Exploration Project of Longmen Laboratory, China","award":["No. LMQYTSKT034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. LMQYTSKT034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimedia Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-025-02108-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T13:07:02Z","timestamp":1766495222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-object tracking in the low-light with two-stage association and denoising based on image feature enhancement"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Lifan","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongkai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2108_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-025-01722-8","volume":"31","author":"X Xiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xiang, X., Zhou, X., Wang, X., Zhai, M., El Saddik, A.: Multi-object tracking with scale-aware transformer and enhanced association strategy. Multimedia Syst. 31(2), 1\u201313 (2025)","journal-title":"Multimedia Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"2108_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-025-01679-8","volume":"31","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zheng, L., Huang, Q.: Multi-object tracking based on graph neural networks. Multimedia Syst. 31(1), 89 (2025)","journal-title":"Multimedia Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"2108_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-024-01420-x","volume":"30","author":"Z Fang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fang, Z., Zhao, J., Yang, M., Lu, Z., Zhou, W., Li, H.: Coordinate-aligned multi-camera collaboration for active multi-object tracking. Multimedia Syst. 30(4), 221 (2024)","journal-title":"Multimedia Syst."},{"key":"2108_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2024.106539","volume":"179","author":"C Xiao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiao, C., Cao, Q., Zhong, Y., Lan, L., Zhang, X., Luo, Z., Tao, D.: Motiontrack: learning motion predictor for multiple object tracking. Neural Netw. 179, 106539 (2024)","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"2108_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, J., Xu, M., Li, W., Xiong, Y., Xia, W., Tu, Z., Soatto, S.: Memot: Multi-object tracking with memory. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 8090\u20138100 (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00792"},{"key":"2108_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wang, T., Zhang, X.: Motrv2: Bootstrapping end-to-end multi-object tracking by pretrained object detectors. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 22056\u201322065 (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.02112"},{"key":"2108_CR7","unstructured":"Leal-Taix\u00e9, L., Milan, A., Reid, I., Roth, S., Schindler, K.: Motchallenge 2015: Towards a benchmark for multi-target tracking. arXiv preprint arXiv:1504.01942 (2015)"},{"key":"2108_CR8","unstructured":"Milan, A., Leal-Taix\u00e9, L., Reid, I., Roth, S., Schindler, K.: Mot16: A benchmark for multi-object tracking. arXiv preprint arXiv:1603.00831 (2016)"},{"key":"2108_CR9","unstructured":"Dendorfer, P., Rezatofighi, H., Milan, A., Shi, J., Cremers, D., Reid, I., Roth, S., Schindler, K., Leal-Taix\u00e9, L.: Mot20: A benchmark for multi object tracking in crowded scenes. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.09003 (2020)"},{"key":"2108_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, X., Zheng, Y., Yao, Y., Qin, H., Cao, X., Guo, S.: Topic: A parallel association paradigm for multi-object tracking under complex motions and diverse scenes. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing (2025)","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2025.3526066"},{"key":"2108_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, P., Cao, J., Jiang, Y., Yuan, Z., Bai, S., Kitani, K., Luo, P.: Dancetrack: Multi-object tracking in uniform appearance and diverse motion. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 20993\u201321002 (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.02032"},{"key":"2108_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, F., Chen, H., Wang, X., Xian, W., Chen, Y., Liu, F., Madhavan, V., Darrell, T.: Bdd100k: A diverse driving dataset for heterogeneous multitask learning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 2636\u20132645 (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00271"},{"key":"2108_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Zeng, C., Zhao, X., Yang, Y., Wu, G., Wang, L.: Sportsmot: A large multi-object tracking dataset in multiple sports scenes. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 9921\u20139931 (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00910"},{"key":"2108_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Yang, X., Fu, Y., Wei, X., Yin, B., Dong, B.: Object tracking by jointly exploiting frame and event domain. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 13043\u201313052 (2021)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.01280"},{"key":"2108_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Z., Hou, J., Wu, D.O.: Cross-modal orthogonal high-rank augmentation for rgb-event transformer-trackers. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 22045\u201322055 (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.02015"},{"key":"2108_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Zhao, J., Wang, D., Lu, H., Ruan, X.: Visible-thermal uav tracking: A large-scale benchmark and new baseline. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 8886\u20138895 (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00868"},{"issue":"1","key":"2108_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1636183","volume":"13","author":"Z-U Rahman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rahman, Z.-U., Jobson, D.J., Woodell, G.A.: Retinex processing for automatic image enhancement. J. Electron. Imaging 13(1), 100\u2013110 (2004)","journal-title":"J. Electron. Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2108_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2016.2639450","volume":"26","author":"X Guo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guo, X., Li, Y., Ling, H.: Lime: low-light image enhancement via illumination map estimation. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 26(2), 982\u2013993 (2016)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"2108_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, W., Huang, Y., Zhang, N., Lin, R.-S., Han, M., Zeng, D.: Diffmot: A real-time diffusion-based multiple object tracker with non-linear prediction. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 19321\u201319330 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01828"},{"issue":"6","key":"2108_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2810539","volume":"27","author":"M Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, M., Liu, J., Yang, W., Sun, X., Guo, Z.: Structure-revealing low-light image enhancement via robust retinex model. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 27(6), 2828\u20132841 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"issue":"12","key":"2108_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2020.2969790","volume":"22","author":"S Hao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hao, S., Han, X., Guo, Y., Xu, X., Wang, M.: Low-light image enhancement with semi-decoupled decomposition. IEEE Trans. Multimedia 22(12), 3025\u20133038 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimedia"},{"key":"2108_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2016.06.008","volume":"61","author":"KG Lore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lore, K.G., Akintayo, A., Sarkar, S.: Llnet: a deep autoencoder approach to natural low-light image enhancement. Pattern Recogn. 61, 650\u2013662 (2017)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"key":"2108_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Guo, X.: Kindling the darkness: A practical low-light image enhancer. In: Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp. 1632\u20131640 (2019)","DOI":"10.1145\/3343031.3350926"},{"key":"2108_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Li, B., Tu, Z., Liu, X., Guo, Q., Juefei-Xu, F., Xu, R., Yu, H.: Light the night: A multi-condition diffusion framework for unpaired low-light enhancement in autonomous driving. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 15205\u201315215 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01440"},{"key":"2108_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, X., Zhang, S., Wang, C., Zheng, Y., Zhong, B., Li, C., Nie, L.: Fourier priors-guided diffusion for zero-shot joint low-light enhancement and deblurring. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 25378\u201325388 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02398"},{"key":"2108_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, G., Chen, K., Li, H., Lu, Y., Wang, L.: Towards robust event-guided low-light image enhancement: a large-scale real-world event-image dataset and novel approach. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 23\u201333 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00011"},{"key":"2108_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Yang, H., Fu, J., Liu, J.: Zero-reference low-light enhancement via physical quadruple priors. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 26057\u201326066 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02462"},{"key":"2108_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.01.008","volume":"483","author":"Q Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Chen, D., Chu, Q., Yuan, L., Liu, B., Zhang, L., Yu, N.: Online multi-object tracking with unsupervised re-identification learning and occlusion estimation. Neurocomputing 483, 333\u2013347 (2022)","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"2108_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Li, X., Lu, H., He, Y.: Multi-object tracking meets moving uav. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 8876\u20138885 (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00867"},{"issue":"23","key":"2108_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9106","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239106","volume":"22","author":"G Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, G., Yin, J., Deng, P., Sun, Y., Zhou, L., Zhang, K.: Achieving adaptive visual multi-object tracking with unscented kalman filter. Sensors 22(23), 9106 (2022)","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2108_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bewley, A., Ge, Z., Ott, L., Ramos, F., Upcroft, B.: Simple online and realtime tracking. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp. 3464\u20133468 (2016). Ieee","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2016.7533003"},{"key":"2108_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojke, N., Bewley, A., Paulus, D.: Simple online and realtime tracking with a deep association metric. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp. 3645\u20133649 (2017). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2017.8296962"},{"issue":"1","key":"2108_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151553","DOI":"10.1080\/23311916.2022.2151553","volume":"9","author":"S Bilakeri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bilakeri, S., KA, K.: Multi-object tracking by multi-feature fusion to associate all detected boxes. Cogent Engineering 9(1), 2151553 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311916.2022.2151553","journal-title":"Cogent Engineering"},{"key":"2108_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, J., Pang, J., Weng, X., Khirodkar, R., Kitani, K.: Observation-centric sort: Rethinking sort for robust multi-object tracking. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 9686\u20139696 (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00934"},{"issue":"1","key":"2108_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2532808","DOI":"10.1080\/23311916.2025.2532808","volume":"12","author":"S Bilakeri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bilakeri, S., Kotegar, K.A.: Ocafi: observation centric appearance free interpolation technique for multi-object tracking. Cogent Engineering 12(1), 2532808 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23311916.2025.2532808","journal-title":"Cogent Engineering"},{"key":"2108_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3991","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i5.28192","volume":"38","author":"R Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo, R., Song, Z., Ma, L., Wei, J., Yang, W., Yang, M.: Diffusiontrack: diffusion model for multi-object tracking. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, 3991\u20133999 (2024)","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"2108_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Han, S., He, M., Zheng, W., Wei, Y.: Deconfusetrack: Dealing with confusion for multi-object tracking. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 19290\u201319299 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01825"},{"key":"2108_CR38","unstructured":"Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A.N., Kaiser, \u0141., Polosukhin, I.: Attention is all you need. Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (2017)"},{"key":"2108_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, R., Wang, L.: Memotr: Long-term memory-augmented transformer for multi-object tracking. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 9901\u20139910 (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00908"},{"key":"2108_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, F., Dong, B., Zhang, Y., Wang, T., Zhang, X., Wei, Y.: Motr: End-to-end multiple-object tracking with transformer. In: European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 659\u2013675 (2022). Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19812-0_38"},{"key":"2108_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, S., Schneider, L., Cordts, M., Gall, J.: Ada-track: End-to-end multi-camera 3d multi-object tracking with alternating detection and association. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 15184\u201315194 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01438"},{"issue":"14","key":"2108_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6373","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146373","volume":"23","author":"J Park","year":"2023","unstructured":"Park, J., Hong, J., Shim, W., Jung, D.-J.: Multi-object tracking on swir images for city surveillance in an edge-computing environment. Sensors 23(14), 6373 (2023)","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2108_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Ma, K., Liu, Q., Zou, Y., Fu, Y.: Multi-object tracking in the dark. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 382\u2013392 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00044"},{"issue":"8","key":"2108_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4515","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2022.3162892","volume":"22","author":"B Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, B., Fu, C., Ding, F., Ye, J., Lin, F.: All-day object tracking for unmanned aerial vehicle. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 22(8), 4515\u20134529 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"2108_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Liu, D., Zhang, L., Tian, Y., Xia, X., Fu, X.: Zero-ig: zero-shot illumination-guided joint denoising and adaptive enhancement for low-light images. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 3015\u20133024 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00291"},{"key":"2108_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansour, Y., Heckel, R.: Zero-shot noise2noise: Efficient image denoising without any data. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 14018\u201314027 (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01347"},{"key":"2108_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, L., Ma, T., Liu, R., Fan, X., Luo, Z.: Toward fast, flexible, and robust low-light image enhancement. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 5637\u20135646 (2022)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00555"},{"key":"2108_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hore, A., Ziou, D.: Image quality metrics: Psnr vs. ssim. In: 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 2366\u20132369 (2010). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2010.579"},{"key":"2108_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahalanobis, P.C.: On the generalized distance in statistics. Sankhy\u0101: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series A (2008-) 80, 1\u20137 (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/s13171-019-00164-5"},{"key":"2108_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghorbani, H.: Mahalanobis distance and its application for detecting multivariate outliers. Facta Universitatis, Series: Mathematics and Informatics, 583\u2013595 (2019)","DOI":"10.22190\/FUMI1903583G"},{"key":"2108_CR51","unstructured":"Wang, G., Song, M., Hwang, J.-N.: Recent advances in embedding methods for multi-object tracking: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.10766 (2022)"},{"key":"2108_CR52","unstructured":"Aharon, N., Orfaig, R., Bobrovsky, B.-Z.: Bot-sort: Robust associations multi-pedestrian tracking. arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.14651 (2022)"},{"key":"2108_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8725","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2023.3240881","volume":"25","author":"Y Du","year":"2023","unstructured":"Du, Y., Zhao, Z., Song, Y., Zhao, Y., Su, F., Gong, T., Meng, H.: Strongsort: make deepsort great again. IEEE Trans. Multimedia 25, 8725\u20138737 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimedia"},{"key":"2108_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maggiolino, G., Ahmad, A., Cao, J., Kitani, K.: Deep oc-sort: Multi-pedestrian tracking by adaptive re-identification. In: 2023 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp. 3025\u20133029 (2023). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP49359.2023.10222576"},{"key":"2108_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Sun, P., Jiang, Y., Yu, D., Weng, F., Yuan, Z., Luo, P., Liu, W., Wang, X.: Bytetrack: Multi-object tracking by associating every detection box. In: European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 1\u201321 (2022). Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-20047-2_1"},{"key":"2108_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Koltun, V., Kr\u00e4henb\u00fchl, P.: Tracking objects as points. In: European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 474\u2013490 (2020). Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58548-8_28"},{"key":"2108_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/246309","volume":"2008","author":"K Bernardin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bernardin, K., Stiefelhagen, R.: Evaluating multiple object tracking performance: the clear mot metrics. EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing 2008, 1\u201310 (2008)","journal-title":"EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing"},{"key":"2108_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-020-01375-2","volume":"129","author":"J Luiten","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luiten, J., Osep, A., Dendorfer, P., Torr, P., Geiger, A., Leal-Taix\u00e9, L., Leibe, B.: Hota: a higher order metric for evaluating multi-object tracking. Int. J. Comput. Vision 129, 548\u2013578 (2021)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vision"},{"key":"2108_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ristani, E., Solera, F., Zou, R., Cucchiara, R., Tomasi, C.: Performance measures and a data set for multi-target, multi-camera tracking. In: European Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 17\u201335 (2016). Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48881-3_2"},{"key":"2108_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panareda\u00a0Busto, P., Gall, J.: Open set domain adaptation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 754\u2013763 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.88"},{"key":"2108_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2022.103712","volume":"90","author":"J Hai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hai, J., Xuan, Z., Yang, R., Hao, Y., Zou, F., Lin, F., Han, S.: R2rnet: low-light image enhancement via real-low to real-normal network. J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent. 90, 103712 (2023)","journal-title":"J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent."},{"issue":"3","key":"2108_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-024-01531-5","volume":"35","author":"VD Stanojevic","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stanojevic, V.D., Todorovic, B.T.: Boosttrack: boosting the similarity measure and detection confidence for improved multiple object tracking. Mach. Vis. Appl. 35(3), 53 (2024)","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"2108_CR63","unstructured":"Sun, P., Jiang, Y., Zhang, R., Xie, E., Luo, P.: Transtrack: Multiple-object tracking with transformer (2020)"},{"key":"2108_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shim, K., Ko, K., Hwang, J., Kim, C.: Adaptrack: Adaptive thresholding-based matching for multi-object tracking. 2024 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2222\u20132228 (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP51287.2024.10648139"},{"key":"2108_CR65","unstructured":"Hashempoor, H., Koikara, R., Hwang, Y.D.: Featuresort: Essential features for effective tracking (2024)"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00530-025-02108-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00530-025-02108-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00530-025-02108-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T04:19:59Z","timestamp":1770783599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00530-025-02108-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["2108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00530-025-02108-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0942-4962","1432-1882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0942-4962","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"54"}}