{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T03:24:26Z","timestamp":1740108266962,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012389","name":"national institute of information and communications technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012389","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004206","name":"Osaka University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004206","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many new network-oriented services have been developed in recent years, and they are expected to be virtualized in multi-access edge computing (MEC) environments, which are being standardized along with fifth generation (5\u00a0G). Because many new network-oriented services have been developed to meet various user requests, and service-oriented development, wherein service functions are divided and combined, is expected to facilitate the development of flexible services at low costs. A core\/periphery structure is an information processing system in biological systems consisting of core units, that is densely connected and provide efficient process, and peripheral units that can accommodate a variety of inputs and outputs. In this paper, we introduce a core\/periphery structure into the service design since the service based on this structure can adapt to various inputs and outputs with only modifying peripheral functions. We expect that development cost is reduced by designing services based on core\/periphery structure, because the entire service is not modified against environmental changes. Besides, we also consider the balance between the penalty and the reduction of development costs since dividing functions and placing them in different devices creates extra communication paths and degrades service responsiveness. We designed and implemented two service scenarios for our shopping service with a remote robot based on a core\/periphery structure. Using the implemented services, we show that the design using the core\/periphery structure is effective in terms of implementation cost and overhead for information sharing among remote robots. Furthermore, we measured the penalty through experiments on actual devices and showed that it is tolerable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-023-01204-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T10:02:51Z","timestamp":1691661771000},"page":"2773-2792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design, implementation and evaluation of a network-oriented service with environmental adaptability based on core\/periphery structure"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3637-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiori","family":"Takagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shin\u2019ichi","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Murata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1204_CR1","unstructured":"aja (2021) HELO. https:\/\/www.aja-jp.com\/products\/helo Accessed 13 July 2021"},{"key":"1204_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/dsj.2019.15","volume":"5","author":"A Albers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Albers A, Bursac N, Scherer H et al (2019) Model-based systems engineering in modular design. Design Sci 5:1\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dsj.2019.15","journal-title":"Design Sci"},{"key":"1204_CR3","unstructured":"ANA (2018) ANA Avatar. https:\/\/ana-avatar.com, Accessed 12 November 2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"1204_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2717482","volume":"19","author":"AC Baktir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baktir AC, Ozgovde A, Ersoy C (2017) How can edge computing benefit from software-defined networking: a survey, use cases, and future directions. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 19(4):2359\u20132391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2017.2717482","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutor"},{"key":"1204_CR5","first-page":"84","volume":"75","author":"CY Baldwin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baldwin CY, Clark KB (1997) Managing in an age of modularity. Harvard Bus Rev 75:84\u201393","journal-title":"Harvard Bus Rev"},{"key":"1204_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/comnet\/cnt016","volume":"1","author":"P Csermely","year":"2013","unstructured":"Csermely P, London A, Wu LY et al (2013) Structure and dynamics of core-periphery networks. J Complex Netw 1:93\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/comnet\/cnt016","journal-title":"J Complex Netw"},{"key":"1204_CR7","unstructured":"Eclipse Foundation (2021) Eclipse Mosquitto. https:\/\/mosquitto.org Accessed 13 July 2021"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1204_CR8.1","unstructured":"Extended Reality (XR) in 5G. 3GPP TR 26928 version 1610 Release 16"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1204_CR8.2","unstructured":"ETSI (2021) 5G; Extended Reality"},{"key":"#cr-split#-1204_CR8.3","unstructured":"(XR) in 5G. 3GPP TR 26928 version 1610 Release 16"},{"key":"1204_CR9","unstructured":"FFmpeg (2021) FFmpeg. https:\/\/www.ffmpeg.org\/ Accessed on 31 July 2021"},{"key":"1204_CR10","unstructured":"Hu YC, Patel M, Sabella D, et\u00a0al (2015) Mobile edge computing a key technology towards 5G. ETSI White Paper (11)"},{"key":"1204_CR11","unstructured":"Ii R, Hudson T, Seeger A, et\u00a0al (2001) VRPN: A device-independent, network-transparent VR peripheral system. In: Proceedings of the ACM symposium on virtual reality software and technology, pp 55\u201361. 10.1145\/505008.505019"},{"issue":"120","key":"1204_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2016.06.007","volume":"1","author":"A MacCormack","year":"2016","unstructured":"MacCormack A, Sturtevant DJ (2016) Technical debt and system architecture: the impact of coupling on defect-related activity. J Syst Softw 1(120):170\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2016.06.007","journal-title":"J Syst Softw"},{"key":"1204_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1976.233837","volume":"4","author":"TJ McCabe","year":"1976","unstructured":"McCabe TJ (1976) A complexity measure. IEEE Trans Softw Eng SE-2 4:308\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSE.1976.233837","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Softw Eng SE-2"},{"key":"1204_CR14","unstructured":"Microsoft (2021) Microsoft HoloLens. https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/ja-jp\/hololens Accessed 13 July 2021"},{"key":"1204_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miele V, Ramos-Jiliberto R, Vazquez DP (2019) Core-periphery dynamics in a plant-pollinator network. bioRxiv 10.1101\/543637","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13217"},{"key":"1204_CR16","unstructured":"MQTT org (2021) MQTT. https:\/\/mqtt.org Accessed 13 July 2021"},{"key":"1204_CR17","unstructured":"Open source cloud computing infrastructure - OpenStack (2021) OpenStack. https:\/\/www.openstack.org\/ Accessed 13 July 2021"},{"key":"1204_CR18","unstructured":"OpenCVteam (2021) OpenCV. https:\/\/opencv.org Accessed 13 July 2021"},{"key":"1204_CR19","unstructured":"OpenJS Foundation (2021) Node-RED. https:\/\/nodered.org Accessed 13 July 2021"},{"key":"1204_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00778-007-0044-3","volume":"16","author":"M Papazoglou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Papazoglou M, van den Heuvel W (2007) Service oriented architectures: approaches, technologies and research issues. VLDB J 16:389\u2013415","journal-title":"VLDB J"},{"key":"1204_CR21","unstructured":"Redmon J, Farhadi A (2018) YOLOv3: An incremental improvement. CoRR abs\/1804.02767. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1804.02767"},{"key":"1204_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabella D, Sukhomlinov V, Trang L, et\u00a0al (2019) Developing software for multi-access edge computing. ETSI White Paper (20)","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429056499"},{"key":"1204_CR23","unstructured":"Softbank\u00a0Robotics (2021a) NAO the versatile humanoid robot. https:\/\/www.softbankrobotics.com\/emea\/sites\/default\/files\/press-kit\/NAO-press-kit-EN.pdf Accessed 31 July 2021"},{"key":"1204_CR24","unstructured":"Softbank\u00a0Robotics (2021b) Pepper press kit. https:\/\/www.softbankrobotics.com\/emea\/sites\/default\/files\/press-kit\/Pepper-press-kit_0.pdf Accessed 13 July 2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"1204_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2016.6","volume":"36","author":"S Tachi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tachi S (2016) Telexistence: enabling humans to be virtually ubiquitous. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 36(1):8\u201314","journal-title":"IEEE Comput Graph Appl"},{"issue":"5","key":"1204_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2017.4250931","volume":"4","author":"D Taibi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taibi D, Lenarduzzi V, Pahl C (2017) Processes, motivations, and issues for migrating to microservices architectures: an empirical investigation. IEEE Cloud Comput 4(5):22\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCC.2017.4250931","journal-title":"IEEE Cloud Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"1204_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"S Takagi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Takagi S, Arakawa S, Murata M (2020) Design, implementation and evaluation of core\/periphery-based network-oriented mixed reality services. J Int Serv Appl 13(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"J Int Serv Appl"},{"key":"1204_CR28","unstructured":"Takagi S, Arakawa S, Murata M (2020b) On the implementation and evaluation of a network-oriented mixed reality service based on core\/periphery structure. In: IEICE technical report (NS2019-218) pp 221\u2013226"},{"issue":"3","key":"1204_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2705720","volume":"19","author":"T Taleb","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taleb T, Samdanis K, Mada B et al (2017) On multi-access edge computing: a survey of the emerging 5G network edge cloud architecture and orchestration. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 19(3):1657\u20131681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2017.2705720","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutor"},{"key":"1204_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166294","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3023150","volume":"8","author":"Y Tsukui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsukui Y, Arakawa S, Takagi S et al (2020) Design and placements of virtualized network functions for dynamically changing service requests based on a core\/periphery structure. IEEE Access 8:166294\u2013166303","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00607-023-01204-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00607-023-01204-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00607-023-01204-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T13:03:19Z","timestamp":1697288599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00607-023-01204-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00607-023-01204-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-485X","1436-5057"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0010-485X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1436-5057"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}