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They enable data integrity, privacy, and robustness to public, open, permission-less P2P networks. Voting-based consensus algorithms proved high efficiency even with limited computing and less power IoT devices. Moreover, they can identify legitimate information and isolate malicious attackers through repetitive voting queries to adjacent peers asking their opinions about the validity of each transaction. Several lightweight validation models are introduced to enrich IoT networks with better performance and higher security. Nevertheless, the current algorithms struggle to find adequate parameters that balance network security and operability, in addition to balancing fairness in distributed environments. This paper introduces an Autonomous Lightweight Ledger Constructor to resolve common defects and threats. Based on Reinforcement Learning, it can dynamically construct a valid distributed ledger in limited-computing systems under several adversarial conditions. The validity of transactions in this approach is calculated based on their cumulative weights and the issuer\u2019s reputation, which are inferred subjectively by a lightweight Bayesian-like function. A new simulator is developed to evaluate ALLC performance and security. The experimental results demonstrate reasonable performance and high resistance against known compromises targeting Distributed Ledger Technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-025-01424-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T05:17:15Z","timestamp":1740028635000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["ALLC: autonomous lightweight distributed ledger constructor for securing IoT information"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abo-Soliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Shaaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Emara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1424_CR1","first-page":"102","volume":"10","author":"PK Tiwari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tiwari PK, Agarwal N, Ansari S, Asif M (2024) Comprehensive analysis of blockchain algorithms. 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