{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T13:59:20Z","timestamp":1762955960297,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"RCIS Network","award":["RED2022-134148-T","RED2022-134148-T","RED2022-134148-T","RED2022-134148-T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RED2022-134148-T","RED2022-134148-T","RED2022-134148-T","RED2022-134148-T"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-118112RB-C21","PID2020-118112RB-C21","PID2020-118112RB-C21","PID2020-118112RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-118112RB-C21","PID2020-118112RB-C21","PID2020-118112RB-C21","PID2020-118112RB-C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-025-01568-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T08:24:49Z","timestamp":1760775889000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Breaking the limits of chatbot development: API-driven multi-domain chatbot generation empowered by generative AI"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0641-2967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8891-5237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoraida","family":"Callejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2626-2212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel","family":"Ruiz-Zafra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6677-7301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kawtar","family":"Benghazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1568_CR1","unstructured":"Revang M, Mullen A, Elliot B (2022) Magic quadrant for enterprise conversational AI platforms. Gartner Reports. Accessed 9"},{"issue":"10","key":"1568_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-10888-y","volume":"57","author":"P Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar P (2024) Large language models (LLMs): survey, technical frameworks, and future challenges. Artif Intell Rev 57(10):260","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"key":"1568_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zamfirescu-Pereira JD, Wei H, Xiao A, Gu K, Jung G, Lee MG, Hartmann B, Yang Q (2023) Herding AI cats: Lessons from designing a chatbot by prompting gpt-3. In: Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference. DIS \u201923, pp. 2206\u20132220. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3563657.3596138","DOI":"10.1145\/3563657.3596138"},{"key":"1568_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-63031-6_22","volume-title":"Generative intelligence and intelligent tutoring systems","author":"C Papakostas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Papakostas C, Troussas C, Krouska A, Sgouropoulou C (2024) A rule-based chatbot offering personalized guidance in computer programming education. In: Sifaleras A, Lin F (eds) Generative intelligence and intelligent tutoring systems. Springer, Cham, pp 253\u2013264"},{"key":"1568_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02176-3_2","volume-title":"Rule-based dialogue systems: architecture, methods, and tools","author":"M McTear","year":"2021","unstructured":"McTear M (2021) Rule-based dialogue systems: architecture, methods, and tools. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-02176-3_2"},{"key":"1568_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez\u00a0Cuadrado J, P\u00e9rez-Soler S, Guerra E, De\u00a0Lara J (2024) Automating the development of task-oriented llm-based chatbots. In: Proceedings of the 6th ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3640794.3665538","DOI":"10.1145\/3640794.3665538"},{"key":"1568_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuetzler RM, Grimes GM, Giboney JS, Rosser HK (2021) Deciding whether and how to deploy chatbots. MIS Quarterly Executive 20(1)","DOI":"10.17705\/2msqe.00039"},{"key":"1568_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feng Y, Lu Z, Liu B, Zhan L, Wu X-M (2023) Towards LLM-driven dialogue state tracking. In: Bouamor, H., Pino, J., Bali, K. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 739\u2013755. Association for Computational Linguistics, Singapore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.48","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.48"},{"key":"1568_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-S\u00e1nchez MJ, Callejas Z, Ruiz-Zafra A, Benghazi K (2024) Combining generative AI and PPTalk service specification for dynamic and adaptive task-oriented chatbots. In: Service-Oriented Computing: 22nd International Conference, ICSOC 2024, Tunis, Tunisia, December 3\u20136, 2024, Proceedings, Part I, pp. 168\u2013184. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-96-0805-8_13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-0805-8_13"},{"key":"1568_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zang X, Rastogi A, Sunkara S, Gupta R, Zhang J, Chen J (2020) MultiWOZ 2.2 : a dialogue dataset with additional annotation corrections and state tracking baselines. arXiv:https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2007.12720","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.nlp4convai-1.13"},{"key":"1568_CR11","unstructured":"Freire SK, Wang C, Niforatos E (2024) Conversational assistants in knowledge-intensive contexts: an evaluation of LLM-versus intent-based systems. arXiv preprint 2402.04955 arXiv: 2402.04955 [cs.CL]"},{"key":"1568_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulmer D, Mansimov E, Lin K, Sun J, Gao X, Zhang Y (2024) Bootstrapping LLM-based task-oriented dialogue agents via self-talk. arXiv:https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2401.05033","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.566"},{"key":"1568_CR13","unstructured":"Hosseini-Asl E, McCann B, Wu C-S, Yavuz S, Socher R (2022) A simple language model for task-oriented dialogue. arXiv:https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2005.00796"},{"key":"1568_CR14","unstructured":"Carranza R, Rojas MA (2025) Interpretable and robust dialogue state tracking via natural language summarization with LLMs. arXiv:https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2503.08857"},{"key":"1568_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hude\u010dek V, Dusek O (2023) Are large language models all you need for task-oriented dialogue? In: Stoyanchev, S., Joty, S., Schlangen, D., Dusek, O., Kennington, C., Alikhani, M. (eds.) Proceedings of the 24th Annual meeting of the special interest group on discourse and dialogue. Association for computational linguistics, Prague, Czechia.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2023.sigdial-1.21","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.sigdial-1.21"},{"key":"1568_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chaidrata A, Shafeeu M, Chew S-K, Chen Z, Cham J, Yong Z, Yap U, Binti D, Bahrin K (2021) Intent matching based customer services chatbot with natural language understanding, pp. 129\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCIS53528.2021.9646029","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIS53528.2021.9646029"},{"key":"1568_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N G, G V, A VT (2021) Intent classification using BERT for chatbot applications. In: Proceedings of the first international conference on combinatorial and optimization (ICCAP 2021). EAI, Chennai, India. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4108\/eai.7-12-2021.2314563","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.7-12-2021.2314563"},{"key":"1568_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wyawahare M, Roy S, Zanwar S (2024) Generative vs intent-based chatbot for judicial advice. In: 2024 IEEE international conference on interdisciplinary approaches in technology and management for social innovation (IATMSI), vol. 2, pp. 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IATMSI60426.2024.10502550","DOI":"10.1109\/IATMSI60426.2024.10502550"},{"key":"1568_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3986692","author":"JC Vasquez-Correa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vasquez-Correa JC, Guerrero-Sierra JC, Pemberty-Tamayo JL, Jaramillo JE, Tejada-Castro AF (2021) One system to rule them all: a universal intent recognition system for customer service chatbots. SSRN Electron J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3986692","journal-title":"SSRN Electron J"},{"key":"1568_CR20","unstructured":"Chang C-H, Chen C-H, Lin C-Y (2022) Web-API-based chatbot generation with analysis and expansion of API specifications. In: Proceedings of the 34th conference on computational linguistics and speech processing (ROCLING 2022), pp. 247\u2013256. https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2022.rocling-1.31\/"},{"key":"1568_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Keyner J, Savenkov V (2021) A chatbot for searching and exploring open data: Implementation and evaluation in e-government. In: Proceedings of the 22nd annual international conference on digital government research, pp. 348\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3463677.3463681","DOI":"10.1145\/3463677.3463681"},{"key":"1568_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huo S, Mukherjee K, Bandlamudi J, Isahagian V, Muthusamy V, Rizk Y (2022) Natural language sentence generation from API specifications. In: Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGMETRICS\/international conference on measurement and modeling of computer systems. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3489048.3527191","DOI":"10.1145\/3489048.3527191"},{"key":"1568_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Park S., Kim A, Lee S, Lee H, Kamyod C, Kim CG (2024) Design of REST API client for conversational agent using large language model with open api system. In: 2024 IEEE\/ACIS 22nd international conference on software engineering research, management and applications (SERA), pp. 55\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SERA61261.2024.10685639","DOI":"10.1109\/SERA61261.2024.10685639"},{"key":"1568_CR24","volume-title":"Conversational AI: dialogue systems, conversational agents, and chatbots","author":"M McTear","year":"2022","unstructured":"McTear M (2022) Conversational AI: dialogue systems, conversational agents, and chatbots, 2nd edn. Springer, Cham","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1568_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324900002497","volume":"6","author":"KS Hone","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hone KS, Graham R (2000) Towards a tool for the subjective assessment of speech system interfaces (sassi). Nat Lang Eng 6(3\u20134):287\u2013303","journal-title":"Nat Lang Eng"},{"key":"1568_CR26","unstructured":"Kirakowski J, Claridge N, Whitehand R (1998) Human centered measures of success in web site design. In: Proceedings of the fourth conference on human factors & the web"},{"key":"1568_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nekvinda T, Du\u0161ek O (2021) Shades of BLEU, flavours of success: The case of MultiWOZ. In: Proceedings of the 1st workshop on natural language generation, evaluation, and metrics (GEM 2021), pp. 34\u201346. Association for computational linguistics, online. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2021.gem-1.4","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.gem-1.4"},{"key":"1568_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu W, Wang F, Yuan A, Wu F, Li J (2020) Corefqa: Coreference resolution as query-based span prediction. In: Proceedings of the 58th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics, pp. 6953\u20136963","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.622"},{"key":"1568_CR29","unstructured":"Xu Y, Yu Z, Radev D (2020) End-to-end neural coreference resolution with deep biaffine attention. In: Proceedings of the 2020 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP), pp. 6748\u20136757"}],"container-title":["Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00607-025-01568-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00607-025-01568-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00607-025-01568-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T13:50:34Z","timestamp":1762955434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00607-025-01568-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00607-025-01568-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-485X","1436-5057"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0010-485X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1436-5057"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no Conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"217"}}