{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T13:15:32Z","timestamp":1772198132322,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-025-01600-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T11:36:39Z","timestamp":1769513799000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IoT-based blockchain secure data for smart cities infrastructures utilizing improved grey wolf optimisation with deep learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Isaac Osei","family":"Asante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1600_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102252","volume":"60","author":"SK Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh SK, Jeong YS, Park JH (2020) A deep learning-based IoT-oriented infrastructure for secure smart city. Sustain Cities Soc 60:102252","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"1600_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08955-6","volume":"122","author":"R Verma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Verma R (2022) Smart city healthcare cyber physical system: characteristics, technologies and chal- lenges. Wireless Pers Commun 122(2):1413\u20131433","journal-title":"Wireless Pers Commun"},{"key":"1600_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007","volume":"69","author":"S Mirjalili","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mirjalili S, Mirjalili SM, Lewis A (2014) Grey Wolf optimizer. Adv Eng Softw 69:46\u201361 [CrossRef]","journal-title":"Adv Eng Softw"},{"key":"1600_CR4","first-page":"183","volume":"35","author":"H Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao H, Guo S, Gao D (2016) Fault feature extraction of bearing faults based on singular value decomposition and variational modal decomposition. J Vib Shock 35:183\u2013188","journal-title":"J Vib Shock"},{"key":"1600_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez L, Castillo O, Soria J (2016) Grey wolf optimizer with dynamic adaptation of parameters using fuzzy logic. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 24\u201329 July ; pp. 3116\u20133123","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2016.7744183"},{"key":"1600_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2018.12.037","volume":"76","author":"H Xing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xing H, Zhou X, Wang X, Luo S, Dai P, Li K, Yang H (2019) An integer encoding grey Wolf optimizer for virtual network function placement. Appl Soft Comput 76:575\u2013594 [CrossRef]","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"1600_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2019.106003","volume":"87","author":"Y Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang Y, Yang B, Wang S, Jin T, Li S (2020) An enhanced multi-objective grey Wolf optimizer for service composition in cloud manufacturing. Appl Soft Comput 87:106003 [CrossRef]","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"1600_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2020.04.028","volume":"33","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhang T, Cai Z, Zhao J, Wu K (2020) Multi-UAV coordination control by chaotic grey Wolf optimization based distributed MPC with event-triggered strategy. Chin J Aeronaut 33:2877\u20132897 [CrossRef]","journal-title":"Chin J Aeronaut"},{"key":"1600_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.116616","volume":"193","author":"D Miao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miao D, Chen W, Zhao W, Demsas T (2020) Parameter Estimation of PEM fuel cells employing the hybrid grey Wolf optimization method. Energy 193:571\u2013582 [CrossRef]","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"1600_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4677","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.49.4677","volume":"49","author":"RN Mantegna","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mantegna RN (1994) Fast, accurate algorithm for numerical simulation of Levy stable stochastic processes. Phys Rev E 49:4677\u20134683","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"1600_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.06.019","volume":"143","author":"S Rathore","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rathore S, Kwon BW, Park JH (2019) BlockSecIoTNet: blockchain-based decentralized security architecture for IoT network. J Netw Comput Appl 143:167\u2013177","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"1600_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mfglet.2019.05.003","volume":"20","author":"J Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee J, Azamfar M, Singh J (2019) A blockchain enabled cyber-physical system architecture for industry 4.0 manufacturing systems. Manuf Lett 20:34\u201339","journal-title":"Manuf Lett"},{"key":"1600_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2020.02.054","volume":"42","author":"G Mirabelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mirabelli G, Solina V (2020) Blockchain and agricultural supply chains traceability: research trends and future challenges. Procedia Manuf 42:414\u2013421","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf"},{"key":"1600_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou L, Liao R, Luo Q (2021) IoT and blockchain-based smart agri-food supply chains. Hand- book of Smart Cities, pp.1109\u20131130","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-69698-6_91"},{"key":"1600_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2019.106382","volume":"135","author":"I Mistry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mistry I, Tanwar S, Tyagi S, Kumar N (2020) Blockchain for 5G-enabled IoT for industrial automation: a systematic review, solutions, and challenges. Mech Syst Signal Process 135:06382","journal-title":"Mech Syst Signal Process"},{"issue":"3","key":"1600_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2016.2556879","volume":"5","author":"SP Mohanty","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mohanty SP, Choppali U, Kougianos E (2016) Everything you wanted to know about smart cities: the internet of things is the backbone. IEEE Consum Electron Mag 5(3):60\u201370","journal-title":"IEEE Consum Electron Mag"},{"issue":"2","key":"1600_CR17","first-page":"76","volume":"11","author":"S Karthick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karthick S (2018) TDP: a novel secure and energy aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Int J Intell Eng Syst 11(2):76\u201384","journal-title":"Int J Intell Eng Syst"},{"key":"1600_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102364","volume":"63","author":"S Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh S, Sharma PK, Yoon B, Shojafar M, Cho GH, Ra IH (2020) Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in IoT network for the sustainable smart city. Sustain Cities Soc 63:102364","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"1600_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2020.102468","volume":"58","author":"C Esposito","year":"2021","unstructured":"Esposito C, Ficco M, Gupta BB (2021) Blockchain-based authentication and authorization for smart city applications. Inf Process Manage 58(2):102468","journal-title":"Inf Process Manage"},{"key":"1600_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kushch S, Prieto-Castrillo F (2019) Blockchain for dynamic nodes in a smart City. 2019 IEEE 5th world forum on internet of things (WF-IoT). IEEE, pp 29\u201334","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2019.8767336"},{"key":"1600_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18611","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2896065","volume":"7","author":"MA Rahman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rahman MA, Rashid MM, Hossain MS, Hassanain E, Alhamid MF, Guizani M (2019) Blockchain and IoT-based cognitive edge framework for sharing economy services in a smart city. IEEE Access 7:18611\u201318621","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"1600_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102549","volume":"58","author":"AA Abd El-Latif","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abd El-Latif AA, Abd-El-Atty B, Mehmood I, Muhammad K, Venegas-Andraca SE, Peng J (2021) Quantum-inspired blockchain-based cybersecurity: securing smart edge utilities in IoT- based smart cities. Inf Process Manage 58(4):102549","journal-title":"Inf Process Manage"},{"key":"1600_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li S (2018) Application of blockchain technology in smart city infrastructure. In 2018 IEEE interna- tional conference on smart internet of things (SmartIoT), pp. 276\u20132766. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartIoT.2018.00056"},{"key":"1600_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.04.060","volume":"86","author":"PK Sharma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharma PK, Park JH (2018) Blockchain based hybrid network architecture for the smart city. Future Gener Comput Syst 86:650\u2013655","journal-title":"Future Gener Comput Syst"},{"key":"1600_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34165","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3061411","volume":"9","author":"G Rathee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rathee G, Iqbal R, Waqar O, Bashir AK (2021) On the design and implementation of a block- chain enabled e-voting application within iot-oriented smart cities. IEEE Access 9:34165\u201334176","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"1600_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041323","volume":"21","author":"CMS Ferreira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferreira CMS, Garrocho CTB, Oliveira RAR, Silva JS, Cavalcanti CFMDC (2021) IoT registration and authentication in smart city applications with blockchain. Sensors (Basel) 21(4):1323","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"1600_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3189170","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y et al (2022) Lightweight blockchain for IoT edge networks in smart cities. IEEE Trans Ind Informat. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TII.2022.3189170","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Informat"},{"key":"1600_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4360","author":"R Kumar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumar R et al (2023) Hybrid anomaly detection for IoT using blockchain and federated learning. Trans Emerg Telecommun Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ett.4360","journal-title":"Trans Emerg Telecommun Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1600_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.14716\/ijtech.v10i1.1038","volume":"10","author":"JA Alzubi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alzubi JA et al (2019) A survey of specific IoT applications. Int J Emerg Technol 10(1):47\u201353","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Technol"},{"key":"1600_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nem.2240","author":"S Patel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patel S et al (2023) Quantum-Resistant blockchain for IoT security. Int J Netw Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nem.2240","journal-title":"Int J Netw Manag"},{"key":"1600_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nem.2296","author":"M Gupta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gupta M, Sharma P (2024) Dynamic sharding for scalable smart grids. Int J Netw Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nem.2296","journal-title":"Int J Netw Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"1600_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3427912","volume":"17","author":"D Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun D, Wu J, Yang J, Wu H (2021) Intelligent data collaboration in heterogeneous-device IoT platforms. ACM Trans Sens Networks (TOSN) 17(3):1\u201317","journal-title":"ACM Trans Sens Networks (TOSN)"},{"key":"1600_CR33","unstructured":"Malhotra M, IoT Dataset UNB-CIC (2023) Kaggle, [Online].Available:https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/madhavmalhotra\/unb-cic-iot-dataset"}],"container-title":["Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00607-025-01600-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00607-025-01600-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00607-025-01600-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T12:34:52Z","timestamp":1772195692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00607-025-01600-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00607-025-01600-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-485X","1436-5057"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-485X","type":"print"},{"value":"1436-5057","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The process of writing and the content of the article does not give grounds for raising the issue of a conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"24"}}