{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T12:05:41Z","timestamp":1773317141993,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]],"date-time":"2010-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1269907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Requirements Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-010-0101-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,29]],"date-time":"2010-03-29T04:23:59Z","timestamp":1269836639000},"page":"177-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["RELAX: a language to address uncertainty in self-adaptive systems requirement"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jon","family":"Whittle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pete","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nelly","family":"Bencomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Betty H. C.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Bruel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"101_CR1","first-page":"41","volume":"42","author":"JO Kephart","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kephart JO, Chess DM (2009) The vision of autonomic computing. Computer 42(10):41\u201350","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"101_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whittle J, Sawyer P, Bencomo N, Cheng B (2008) A language for self-adaptive system requirements. In: Service-oriented computing: consequences for engineering requirements, 2008. SOCCER \u201908. International Workshop on, Sept, pp 24\u201329","DOI":"10.1109\/SOCCER.2008.1"},{"key":"101_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whittle J, Sawyer P, Bencomo N, Cheng BHC, Bruel J-M (2009) RELAX: incorporating uncertainty into the specication of self-adaptive systems. In: Proceedings of IEEE international requirements engineering conference (RE09). Atlanta, Georgia","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2009.36"},{"key":"101_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramer J, Magee J (2007) Self-managed systems: an architectural Challenge. In: Future of software engineeringa. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, pp 259\u2013268","DOI":"10.1109\/FOSE.2007.19"},{"key":"101_CR5","unstructured":"Blair G, Bencomo N, France R (2003) Models at runtime. Computer 36(1):41\u201350 (Special issue on Models at Run Time)"},{"key":"101_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2003.819485","volume":"34","author":"S Moon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moon S, Lee K, Lee D (2004) Fuzzy branching temporal logic. Syst Man Cybernetics Part B IEEE Trans 34:1045\u20131055","journal-title":"Syst Man Cybernetics Part B IEEE Trans"},{"key":"101_CR7","volume-title":"Representing and reasoning with probabilistic knowledge: a logical approach to probabilities","author":"F Bacchus","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bacchus F (1990) Representing and reasoning with probabilistic knowledge: a logical approach to probabilities. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"101_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konrad S, Cheng BHC (2005) Facilitating the construction of specification pattern-based properties. In: Proceedings of IEEE international requirements engineering conference (RE05). Aug, pp 329\u2013338","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2005.29"},{"key":"101_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Ari M, Manna Z, Pnueli A (1981) The temporal logic of branching time. In: POPL \u201981: Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on principles of programming languages. ACM, New York, pp 164\u2013176","DOI":"10.1145\/567532.567551"},{"key":"101_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke EM, Emerson EA (1982) Design and synthesis of synchronization skeletons using branching-time temporal logic. In: Logic of programs. Workshop. Springer, London, pp 52\u201371","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0025774"},{"key":"101_CR11","unstructured":"Pasquale L, Baresi L (2009) Applying RELAX to requirements for service-oriented architectures. Private Communication"},{"key":"101_CR12","unstructured":"Qureshi NA, Perini A (2009) Applying RELAX to softgoals of adaptive systems. Private Communication"},{"key":"101_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welsh K, Sawyer P (2009) Requirements tracing to support change in dynamic adaptive systems. In: Requirements engineering foundations for software quality (REFSQ)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02050-6_6"},{"key":"101_CR14","unstructured":"Schneier B (1999) Attack trees\u2014modeling security threats. In: Dr. Dobb\u2019s Journal. CMP Media LLC, Manhasset"},{"key":"101_CR15","volume-title":"Threat modeling","author":"F Swiderski","year":"2004","unstructured":"Swiderski F, Snyder W (2004) Threat modeling. Microsoft Press, Redmond"},{"issue":"10","key":"101_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1109\/32.879820","volume":"26","author":"A Lamsweerde van","year":"2000","unstructured":"van Lamsweerde A, Letier E (2000) Handling obstacles in goal-oriented requirements engineering. IEEE Trans Softw Eng 26(10):978\u20131005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Softw Eng"},{"key":"101_CR17","volume-title":"Requirements engineering: from system goals to UML models to software specifications","author":"A Lamsweerde van","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Lamsweerde A (2008) Requirements engineering: from system goals to UML models to software specifications. Wiley, New York"},{"key":"101_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng BHC, Sawyer P, Bencomo N, Whittle J (2009) A goal-based modeling approach to develop requirements of an adaptive system with environmental uncertainty. In: MoDELS \u201909: Proceedings of the 11th international conference on model driven engineering languages and systems. Springer, Berlin","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04425-0_36"},{"issue":"10","key":"101_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2004.175","volume":"37","author":"D Garlan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garlan D, Cheng S-W, Huang A-C, Schmerl B, Steenkiste P (2004) Rainbow: architecture-based self-adaptation with reusable Infrastructure. IEEE Computer 37(10):46\u201354","journal-title":"IEEE Computer"},{"key":"101_CR20","unstructured":"Gurp JV, Bosch J, Svahnberg M (2001) On the notion of variability in software product lines. In: WICSA \u201901: proceedings of the working IEEE\/IFIP conference on software architecture (WICSA\u201901). IEEE Computer Society, p 45"},{"issue":"6","key":"101_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1145\/1041685.1029905","volume":"29","author":"E Letier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Letier E, van Lamsweerde A (2004) Reasoning about partial goal satisfaction for requirements and design engineering. SIGSOFT Softw Eng Notes 29(6):53\u201362","journal-title":"SIGSOFT Softw Eng Notes"},{"key":"101_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salifu M, Yu Y, Nuseibeh B (2007) Specifying monitoring and switching problems in context. In: IEEE international requirements engineering conference, Oct, pp 211\u2013220","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2007.21"},{"key":"101_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez AJ, Knoester DB, Cheng BHC, McKinley PK (2009) Applying genetic algorithms to decision making in autonomic computing systems. In: ICAC \u201909: proceedings of the 6th international conference on autonomic computing. ACM, New York, pp 97\u2013106","DOI":"10.1145\/1555228.1555258"},{"key":"101_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kodumal J, Aiken A (2005) Banshee: a scalable constraint-based analysis toolkit. In: Hankin C, Siveroni I (eds), 12th international symposium static analysis SAS, vol 3672. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, pp 218\u2013234","DOI":"10.1007\/11547662_16"},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"101_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009717525330","volume":"3","author":"E Schwalb","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schwalb E, Vila L (1998) Temporal constraints: a survey. Constraints 3(2\/3):129\u2013149","journal-title":"Constraints"},{"issue":"3","key":"101_CR26","first-page":"255","volume":"18","author":"S Badaloni","year":"2007","unstructured":"Badaloni S, Falda M, Giacomin M (2007) Solving temporal over-constrained problems using fuzzy techniques. J Intell Fuzzy Syst 18(3):255\u2013265","journal-title":"J Intell Fuzzy Syst"},{"issue":"8","key":"101_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-111X(199908)14:8<719::AID-INT2>3.0.CO;2-Q","volume":"14","author":"Y Zhou","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Murata T (1999) Petri net model with fuzzy timing and fuzzy-metric temporal logic. Int J Intell Syst 14(8):719\u2013745","journal-title":"Int J Intell Syst"},{"key":"101_CR28","unstructured":"Lamine KB, Kabanza F (2000) History checking of temporal fuzzy logic formulas for monitoring behavior-based mobile robots. In: International conference on tools with artificial intelligence, pp 312\u2013319"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"101_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/13875860801944812","volume":"8","author":"S Badaloni","year":"2008","unstructured":"Badaloni S, Falda M, Giacomin M (2008) Tractable fragments of fuzzy qualitative algebra. Spat Cogn Comput 8(1\u20132):150\u2013166","journal-title":"Spat Cogn Comput"},{"key":"101_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00132735","volume":"6","author":"D Dubois","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dubois D, Fargier H, Prade H (1996) Possibility theory in constraint satisfaction problems: handling priority, preference and uncertainty. Appl Intell 6:287\u2013309","journal-title":"Appl Intell"},{"key":"101_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamaguchi K, Hiraishi H, Yajima S (1991) Branching time regular temporal logic for model checking with linear time complexity. In: Computer-aided verification, vol 531. Springer, Berlin","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0023739"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"101_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2008.01.001","volume":"172","author":"S Schockaert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schockaert S, Cock MD (2008) Temporal reasoning about fuzzy Intervals. Artif intell 172(8\u20139):1158\u20131193","journal-title":"Artif intelligence"},{"key":"101_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maes P (1987) Concepts and experiments in computational reflection. In: Proceedings of the conference on object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications (OOPSLA), vol 22. ACM Press, New York, pp 147\u2013155","DOI":"10.1145\/38765.38821"},{"key":"101_CR34","unstructured":"Cheng BHC, Giese H, Inverardi P, Magee J, deLemos R (2008) Software engineering for self-adaptive systems: a research road map, Dagstuhl-seminar on software engineering for self-adaptive systems. In: Cheng BHC, Giese H, Inverardi P, Magee J, de Lemos R (eds), Software engineering for self-adaptive systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Berlin, p 5525"},{"key":"101_CR35","unstructured":"Berry D, Cheng BHC, Zhang J (2005) The four levels of requirements engineering for and in dynamic adaptive systems. In: 11th Int. Work on Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality (REFSQ\u201905). Porto, Portugal"},{"key":"101_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lapouchnian A, Yu Y, Liaskos S, Mylopoulos J (2006) Requirements-driven design of autonomic application software. In: Proceedings of CASCON","DOI":"10.1145\/1188966.1188976"},{"key":"101_CR37","volume-title":"From goals to high-variability software design, vol 4994","author":"Y Yijun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yijun Y, Lapouchnian A, Liaskos S, Mylopoulos J, Leite J (2008) From goals to high-variability software design, vol 4994. Springer, Berlin"},{"key":"101_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morandini M, Penserini L, Perini A (2008) Modelling self-adaptivity: a goal-oriented approach. In: Proceedings of second IEEE international conference on self-adaptive and self-organizing systems (SASO), pp 469\u2013470","DOI":"10.1109\/SASO.2008.67"},{"key":"101_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldsby H, Sawyer P, Bencomo N, Hughes D, Cheng BHC (2008) Goal-based modeling of dynamically adaptive system requirements. In: 15th annual IEEE international conference on the engineering of computer based systems (ECBS)","DOI":"10.1109\/ECBS.2008.22"},{"key":"101_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Letier E, van Lamsweerde A (2004) Reasoning about partial goal satisfaction for requirements and design engineering. In: Proceedings of 12th ACM SIGSOFT international symposium on foundations of software engineering, pp 53\u201362","DOI":"10.1145\/1029894.1029905"},{"key":"101_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Lamsweerde A (2008) Requirements engineering: from craft to discipline. In: Proceedings of 16th ACM SIGSOFT international symposium on foundations of software engineering, pp 238\u2013249","DOI":"10.1145\/1453101.1453133"},{"key":"101_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baresi L, Ghezzi C, Guinea S (2004) Smart monitors for composed services. In: ICSOC, pp 193\u2013202","DOI":"10.1145\/1035167.1035195"},{"key":"101_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218843006001384","volume":"15","author":"G Spanoudakis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spanoudakis G (2006) Non intrusive monitoring of service based Systems. Int J Cooper Inform Syst 15:325\u2013358","journal-title":"Int J Cooper Inform Syst"},{"key":"101_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghezzi C, Guinea S (2007) Run-time monitoring in service oriented architectures. In: Baresi L, Di Nitto E (eds), Test and analysis of web services, chap 9. Springer, Berlin, pp 237\u2013262","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72912-9_9"},{"key":"101_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fickas S, Feather M (1995) Requirements monitoring in dynamic environments. In: Second IEEE international symposium on requirements engineering (RE\u201995)","DOI":"10.1109\/ISRE.1995.512555"},{"key":"101_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feather M, Fickas S, van Lamsweerde A, Ponsard C (1998) Reconciling system requirements and runtime behavior. In: Ninth international workshop software specification and design. Apr, pp 50\u201359","DOI":"10.1109\/IWSSD.1998.667919"},{"issue":"1","key":"101_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-005-0016-3","volume":"11","author":"W Robinson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Robinson W (2005) A requirements monitoring framework for enterprise Systems. Requir Eng 11(1):17\u201341","journal-title":"Requir Eng"},{"key":"101_CR48","unstructured":"Cheng BHC, Whittle J, Bencomo N, Finkelstein A, Magee J, Kramer J, Park S, Dustda S (2008) Software engineering for self-adaptive systems: a research road map, requirements engineering section. In: Cheng BHC, Giese H, Inverardi P, Magee J, de Lemos R (eds) Software engineering for self-adaptive systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, p 5525"},{"key":"101_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y, McIlraith S, Yu Y, Mylopoulos J (2007) An automated approach to monitoring and diagnosing requirements. In: Automated software engineering conference, pp 293\u2013302","DOI":"10.1145\/1321631.1321675"},{"key":"101_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang J, Cheng BHC (2006) Model-based development of dynamically adaptive software. In: ICSE \u201906: proceedings of the 28th international conference on Software engineering. ACM Press, New York, pp 371\u2013380","DOI":"10.1145\/1134285.1134337"},{"key":"101_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramer J and Magee J (1998) Analysing dynamic change in software architectures: a case study. In: Proceedings fourth international conference on configurable distributed systems. IEEE 4\u20136, pp 91\u2013100","DOI":"10.1109\/CDS.1998.675762"},{"key":"101_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulkarni SS and Biyani KN (2004) Correctness of component-based Adaptation. In: Crnkovic I, Stafford JA, Schmidt HW, Wallnau KC (eds) CBSE, vol 3054. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, pp 48\u201358","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24774-6_6"},{"key":"101_CR53","unstructured":"Bradbury J, Cordy J, Dingel J, Wermelinger M (2004) A classification of formal specifications for dynamic architectures. In: Proceedings of ACM SIGSOFT 2004 12th international symposium on the foundations of software engineering"},{"issue":"10","key":"101_CR54","first-page":"1361","volume":"79","author":"J Zhang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhang J, Cheng BHC (2006) Using temporal logic to specify adaptive program semantics. J Syst Softw (JSS) Archit Dependable Syst 79(10):1361\u20131369","journal-title":"J Syst Softw (JSS) Archit Dependable Syst"},{"key":"101_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang J, Goldsby HJ, Cheng BHC (2009) Modular verification of dynamically adaptive systems. In: AOSD \u201909: proceedings of the 8th ACM international conference on aspect-oriented software development. ACM, New York, pp 161\u2013172","DOI":"10.1145\/1509239.1509262"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"101_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(92)90027-U","volume":"56","author":"J De Kleer","year":"1992","unstructured":"De Kleer J, Mackworth A, Reiter R (1992) Characterizing diagnoses and systems. Artif Intell 56(2\u20133):197\u2013222","journal-title":"Artif Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"101_CR57","first-page":"212","volume":"91","author":"B Williams","year":"2003","unstructured":"Williams B, Ingham M, Chung S, Elliot P (2003) Model-based programming of intelligent embedded systems and robotic space explorers. IEEE Special Issue Model Design Embed Softw 91(1):212\u2013237","journal-title":"IEEE Special Issue Model Design Embed Softw"},{"key":"101_CR58","volume-title":"Heuristic reasoning about uncertainty: an artificial intelligence approach","author":"PR Cohen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Cohen PR (1985) Heuristic reasoning about uncertainty: an artificial intelligence approach. Pitman Publishing, Inc., Marshfield"},{"key":"101_CR59","volume-title":"Reasoning about uncertainty","author":"JY Halpern","year":"2003","unstructured":"Halpern JY (2003) Reasoning About Uncertainty. MIT Press, Cambridge"}],"container-title":["Requirements Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00766-010-0101-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00766-010-0101-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00766-010-0101-0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T05:59:28Z","timestamp":1559109568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00766-010-0101-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}},"alternative-id":["101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00766-010-0101-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0947-3602","1432-010X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0947-3602","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-010X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,30]]}}}