{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T03:19:36Z","timestamp":1771298376075,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,24]],"date-time":"2011-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1316822400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Requirements Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-011-0134-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,23]],"date-time":"2011-09-23T03:31:30Z","timestamp":1316748690000},"page":"25-41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["A framework to measure and improve the quality of textual requirements"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"G\u00e9nova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Llorens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Valent\u00edn","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"134_CR1","volume-title":"Writing better requirements","author":"I Alexander","year":"2002","unstructured":"Alexander I, Stevens R (2002) Writing better requirements. Addison-Wesley, Boston"},{"issue":"6","key":"134_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1145\/255656.255696","volume":"40","author":"LJ Arthur","year":"1997","unstructured":"Arthur LJ (1997) Quantum improvements in software system quality. Commun ACM 40(6):46\u201352","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"134_CR3","unstructured":"Berry DM, Bucchiarone A, Gnesi S, Lami G, Trentanni G (2006) A new quality model for natural language requirements specifications. In: Proceedings of the 12th international working conference on requirements engineering: foundation of software quality (REFSQ-06). Luxembourg, 5\u20136 June 2006. Held in conjunction with CAiSE\u201906"},{"key":"134_CR4","volume-title":"Software engineering. An object oriented perspective","author":"E Braude","year":"2001","unstructured":"Braude E (2001) Software engineering. An object oriented perspective. Wiley, London"},{"key":"134_CR5","volume-title":"Software engineering economics","author":"B Boehm","year":"1981","unstructured":"Boehm B (1981) Software engineering economics. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs"},{"key":"134_CR6","unstructured":"Bertolino A, Fantechi A, Gnesi S, Lami G, Maccari A (2002) Use case description of requirements for product lines. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on requirements engineering for product lines 2002\u2014REPL\u201902. Held in conjunction with RE\u201902. Essen, Germany, 9 Sept 2002"},{"key":"134_CR7","unstructured":"Brooks FP (1987) No silver bullet. Essence and accidents of software engineering. IEEE Comput 20(4):10\u201319, April 1987. Reprinted in: Brooks FP The mytical man-month, essays on software engineering. Addison-Wesley, 1995 (20th anniversary edition)"},{"key":"134_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucchiarone A, Gnesi S, Pierini P (2005) Quality analysis of NL requirements: an industrial case study. In: 13th IEEE international requirements engineering conference, pp 390\u2013394. Paris, France, 29 Aug\u20132 Sept 2005","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2005.53"},{"key":"134_CR9","unstructured":"Cameron WB (1963) Informal sociology: a casual introduction to sociological thinking. Random House, New York"},{"key":"134_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christel M, Kang K (1992) Issues in requirements elicitation. Carnegie Mellon University, Software Engineering Institute. Technical report CMU\/SEI-92-TR-012","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA258932"},{"key":"134_CR11","unstructured":"Cortim. Lexior. http:\/\/www.cortim.com\/lexior\/"},{"key":"134_CR12","volume-title":"Out of the crisis","author":"WE Deming","year":"1986","unstructured":"Deming WE (1986) Out of the crisis. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"134_CR13","unstructured":"Fabbrini F, Fusani M, Gnesi S, Lami G (2001) The linguistic approach to the natural language requirements quality: benefit of the use of an automatic tool. In: Proceedings of the 26th annual NASA Goddard software engineering workshop, pp 97\u2013105"},{"key":"134_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fanmuy G, Roussel J-C, Szczepaniak R, Salinesi C, Dauron A, Picci L, Hammami O (2010) Requirements analysis and modeling process (RAMP) for the development of complex systems. In: 7th European systems engineering conference (EuSEC 2010). Stockholm, Sweden, 23\u201326 May 2010","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2334-5837.2010.tb01089.x"},{"key":"134_CR15","unstructured":"Fanmuy G (2011) Requirements verification in industry. In: 17th international working conference on requirements engineering: foundations for software quality (REFSQ-2011), industry track. Essen, Germany, 28\u201330 March 2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"134_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-003-0174-0","volume":"8","author":"A Fantechi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fantechi A, Gnesi S, Lami G, Maccari A (2003) Applications of linguistic techniques for use case analysis. Requir Eng 8(3):161\u2013170","journal-title":"Requir Eng"},{"key":"134_CR17","first-page":"29","volume":"214","author":"J Fern\u00e1ndez Huerta","year":"1959","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez Huerta J (1959) Medidas sencillas de lecturabilidad. Consigna 214:29\u201332","journal-title":"Consigna"},{"key":"134_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flesch R (1948) A new readability yardstick. J Appl Psychol 32:221\u2013233. Reprinted in: Rudolf Flesch. The art of readable writing. New York, 1949 (25th anniversary edition, revised and enlarged, Harper & Row, 1974)","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057532"},{"key":"134_CR19","unstructured":"Frank U (2006) Towards a pluralistic conception of research methods in information systems research. ICB-Research report no. 7, 2006. Institute for Computer Science and Business Information Systems, University Duisburg-Essen. Retrieved 19 May 2011 from http:\/\/www.icb.uni-due.de\/fileadmin\/ICB\/research\/research_reports\/ICBReport07.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"134_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/25148625","volume":"28","author":"AR Hevner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hevner AR, March ST, Park J, Ram S (2004) Design science in information systems research. MIS Q 28(1):75\u2013105","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"key":"134_CR21","unstructured":"HOOD. DESIRe. http:\/\/www.hood-group.com\/en\/products\/tools\/requirements-engineering\/desirer\/"},{"key":"134_CR22","unstructured":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez M, Rempp H (1996) European user survey analysis. European Software Institute, ESPITI project, technical report TR95104"},{"key":"134_CR23","unstructured":"IBM. Rational DOORS. http:\/\/www-01.ibm.com\/software\/awdtools\/doors\/"},{"key":"134_CR24","unstructured":"IEEE Std 830-1998. IEEE recommended practice for software requirements specifications. http:\/\/www.ieeexplore.ieee.org\/iel4\/5841\/15571\/00720574.pdf"},{"key":"134_CR25","unstructured":"IEEE Std 982.2-1988. IEEE guide for the use of IEEE standard dictionary of measures to produce reliable software. http:\/\/www.ieeexplore.ieee.org\/iel1\/2596\/983\/00026479.pdf"},{"key":"134_CR26","unstructured":"James L (1999) Providing pragmatic advice on how good your requirements are\u2014the precept \u2018requirements councillor\u2019 utility. In: Proceedings of the 9th INCOSE international symposium, Brighton, England, 1999"},{"issue":"3","key":"134_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.20005","volume":"7","author":"JE Kasser","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kasser JE (2004) The first requirements elucidator demonstration (FRED) tool. Syst Eng 7(3):243\u2013256","journal-title":"Syst Eng"},{"key":"134_CR28","unstructured":"Kasser JE, Scott W, Tran XL, Nesterov S (2006) A proposed research programme for determining a metric for a good requirement. The conference on systems engineering research, Los Angeles, California, USA"},{"key":"134_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kincaid JP, Fishburne RP, Rogers RL, Chissom BS (1975) Derivation of new readability formulas (automated readability index, Fog count and Flesch reading ease formula) for navy enlisted personnel. Research branch report 8-75, Naval Air Station, Memphis, Tennessee, USA","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA006655"},{"issue":"3","key":"134_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-008-0063-7","volume":"13","author":"N Kiyavitskaya","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kiyavitskaya N, Zeni N, Mich L, Berry DM (2008) Requirements for tools for ambiguity identification and measurement in natural language requirements specifications. Requir Eng 13(3):207\u2013239","journal-title":"Requir Eng"},{"key":"134_CR31","unstructured":"Knowledge Reuse Research Group. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. http:\/\/www.kr.inf.uc3m.es"},{"key":"134_CR32","unstructured":"Latimer-Livingston NS (2004) Market share: requirements management, worldwide, 2003 (executive summary). Gartner research, 1 July 2004. http:\/\/www.gartner.com\/DisplayDocument?ref=g_search&id=452522"},{"key":"134_CR33","volume-title":"Systems requirements engineering","author":"P Loucopoulos","year":"1995","unstructured":"Loucopoulos P, Karakostas V (1995) Systems requirements engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York"},{"key":"134_CR34","unstructured":"Marrero M, S\u00e1nchez-Cuadrado S, Fraga A, Llorens J (2008) Applying ontologies and intelligent text processing in requirements reuse. First workshop on knowledge reuse (KREUSE\u201908), pp 25\u201329. Held in conjuction with 10th international conference on software reuse (ICSR\u201908). Beijing, China, 2008"},{"key":"134_CR35","volume-title":"Informal learning on the job","year":"1999","unstructured":"Marsick VJ, Volpe M (eds) (1999) Informal learning on the job. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco"},{"issue":"1","key":"134_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-003-0179-8","volume":"9","author":"L Mich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mich L, Franch M, Inverardi PLN (2004) Market research for requirements analysis using linguistic tools. Requir Eng 9(1):40\u201356","journal-title":"Requir Eng"},{"key":"134_CR37","unstructured":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. ARM automated requirement measurement tool. http:\/\/www.sw-assurance.gsfc.nasa.gov\/disciplines\/quality\/index.php#tools"},{"key":"134_CR38","unstructured":"Popescu D, Rugaber S, Medvidovic N, Berry DM (2007) Reducing ambiguities in requirements specifications via automatically created object-oriented models. In: Proceedings of the 14th monterey workshop on requirements analysis. Monterey, CA, USA, 10\u201313 Sept 2007. Springer LNCS 5320, pp 103\u2013124"},{"key":"134_CR39","unstructured":"Pressman RS (2005) Software engineering: a practitioner\u2019s approach, 6th edn. McGraw-Hill Pub Co., New York"},{"issue":"4","key":"134_CR40","first-page":"46","volume":"32","author":"JC Redish","year":"1985","unstructured":"Redish JC, Seizer J (1985) The place of readability formulas in technical communication. Techn Commun 32(4):46\u201352","journal-title":"Techn Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"134_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1145\/344599.344637","volume":"24","author":"JC Redish","year":"2000","unstructured":"Redish JC (2000) Readability formulas have even more limitations than Klare discusses. ACM J Comput Documentation 24(3):132\u2013137","journal-title":"ACM J Comput Documentation"},{"key":"134_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg LH (2001) Generating high quality requirements. In: Proceedings of the AIAA space 2001 conference and exposition, AIAA paper 2001-4524. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Albuquerque, NM, 28\u201330 Aug 2001","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2001-4524"},{"issue":"3","key":"134_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-007-0042-4","volume":"12","author":"E Sadraei","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sadraei E, Aurum A, Beydoun G, Paech B (2007) A field study of the requirements engineering practice in Australian software industry. Requir Eng 12(3):145\u2013162","journal-title":"Requir Eng"},{"key":"134_CR44","volume-title":"Software engineering","author":"I Sommerville","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sommerville I (2004) Software engineering, 7th edn. Pearson-Addison Wesley, Boston","edition":"7"},{"key":"134_CR45","unstructured":"Sunny Hills. Requirements assistant. http:\/\/www.requirementsassistant.nl\/"},{"key":"134_CR46","unstructured":"SWEBOK (2004) Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge. IEEE Computer Society, 2004. http:\/\/www.computer.org\/portal\/web\/swebok"},{"key":"134_CR47","unstructured":"The Standish Group (2003) Chaos report, 2003. http:\/\/www.standishgroup.com\/"},{"key":"134_CR48","unstructured":"The Reuse Company. RQA requirements quality analyzer. http:\/\/www.reusecompany.com\/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=171&Itemid=75&lang=en"},{"key":"134_CR49","unstructured":"University of Pisa. QuARS quality analyzer for requirement specifications. http:\/\/www.quars.isti.cnr.it\/"},{"key":"134_CR50","unstructured":"University of South Australia. TigerPro. http:\/\/www.therightrequirement.com\/TigerPro\/TigerPro.html"},{"key":"134_CR51","volume-title":"Design science research methods and patterns: innovating information and communication technology","author":"VK Vaishnavi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vaishnavi VK, Kuechler W (2008) Design science research methods and patterns: innovating information and communication technology. Auerbach Publications, Philadelphia"},{"key":"134_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson WM, Rosenberg LH, Hyatt LE (1997) Automated Analysis of Requirement Specifications. In: Proceedings of the 19th international conference on software engineering-ICSE\u201997, 17\u201323 May 1997, Boston, MA, USA, pp 161\u2013171","DOI":"10.1145\/253228.253258"},{"key":"134_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2008.44","volume":"17","author":"R Winter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Winter R (2008) Design science research in Europe. Eur J Inf Syst 17:470\u2013475","journal-title":"Eur J Inf Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"134_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00209185","volume":"5","author":"R Zeist","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zeist R, Hendriks P (1996) Specifying software quality with the extended ISO model. Softw Qual J 5(4):273\u2013284","journal-title":"Softw Qual J"}],"container-title":["Requirements Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00766-011-0134-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00766-011-0134-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00766-011-0134-z","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,16]],"date-time":"2019-06-16T07:35:42Z","timestamp":1560670542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00766-011-0134-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,24]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00766-011-0134-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0947-3602","1432-010X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0947-3602","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-010X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,24]]}}}