{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T14:54:33Z","timestamp":1772549673424,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,7]],"date-time":"2015-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Requirements Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-015-0221-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,6]],"date-time":"2015-02-06T15:52:04Z","timestamp":1423237924000},"page":"285-308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A questionnaire-based survey methodology for systematically validating goal-oriented models"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jameleddine","family":"Hassine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Amyot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"221_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhigbe O, Alhaj M, Amyot D, Badreddin O, Braun E, Cartwright N, Richards G, Mussbacher G (2014) Creating quantitative goal models: governmental experience. In: 33rd international conference on conceptual modeling (ER\u201914), lecture notes in computer science, vol 8824. Springer, Berlin, pp 466\u2013473","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12206-9_40"},{"key":"221_CR2","unstructured":"Almeida C, Goul\u00e3o M, Ara\u00fajo J A systematic comparison of i* modelling tools based on syntactic and well-formedness rules. In: Castro et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 6th international i* workshop 2013, Valencia, Spain, June 17\u201318, 2013, CEUR workshop proceedings, vol 978. CEUR-WS.org, pp 43\u201348"},{"key":"221_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1002\/int.20433","volume":"25","author":"D Amyot","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amyot D, Ghanavati S, Horkoff J, Mussbacher G, Peyton L, Yu E (2010) Evaluating goal models within the goal-oriented requirement language. Int J Intell Syst 25:841\u2013877. doi: 10.1002\/int.v25:8","journal-title":"Int J Intell Syst"},{"key":"221_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amyot D, Horkoff J, Gross D, Mussbacher G (2009) A lightweight GRL profile for i* modeling. In: Proceedings of the ER 2009 workshops (CoMoL, ETheCoM, FP-UML, MOST-ONISW, QoIS, RIGiM, SeCoGIS) on advances in conceptual modeling\u2014challenging perspectives, ER \u201909, pp 254\u2013264. Springer, Berlin. doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-04947-7_31","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04947-7_31"},{"key":"221_CR5","unstructured":"Amyot D, Rashidi-Tabrizi R, Mussbacher G, Kealey J, Tremblay E, Horkoff J (2013) Improved GRL modeling and analysis with jUCMNav 5. In: Castro et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 6th international i* workshop 2013, Valencia, Spain, June 17\u201318, 2013, CEUR workshop proceedings, vol 978. CEUR-WS.org, pp 137\u2013139"},{"key":"221_CR6","unstructured":"Ayala CP, Cares C, Carvallo JP, Grau G, Haya M, Salazar G, Franch X, Mayol E, Quer C (2005) A comparative analysis of i*-based agent-oriented modeling languages. In: Proceedings of the 17th international conference on software engineering and knowledge engineering (SEKE\u20192005), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, July 14\u201316, pp 43\u201350"},{"issue":"346","key":"221_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1974.10482955","volume":"69","author":"MB Brown","year":"1974","unstructured":"Brown MB, Forsythe AB (1974) Robust tests for the equality of variances. J Am Stat Assoc 69(346):364\u2013367. doi: 10.1080\/01621459.1974.10482955","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"221_CR8","unstructured":"Castro J, Horkoff J, Maiden NAM, Yu ESK (eds) (2013) Proceedings of the 6th international i* workshop 2013, Valencia, Spain, June 17\u201318, 2013, CEUR workshop proceedings, vol 978. CEUR-WS.org"},{"key":"221_CR9","volume-title":"Non-functional requirements in software engineering. The Kluwer international series in software engineering","author":"L Chung","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chung L, Nixon BA, Yu E, Mylopoulos J (1999) Non-functional requirements in software engineering. The Kluwer international series in software engineering. Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Dordrecht"},{"key":"221_CR10","unstructured":"de Castro JB, Franch X, Mylopoulos J, Yu ESK (eds) (2011) Proceedings of the 5th international i* workshop 2011, Trento, Italy, August 28\u201329, 2011, CEUR workshop proceedings, vol 766. CEUR-WS.org"},{"key":"221_CR11","first-page":"562","volume-title":"CAiSE. Lecture notes in computer science","author":"P Espada","year":"2013","unstructured":"Espada P, Goul\u00e3o M, Ara\u00fajo J (2013) A framework to evaluate complexity and completeness of KAOS goal models. In: Salinesi C, Norrie MC, Pastor O (eds) CAiSE. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 7908. Springer, Berlin, pp 562\u2013577"},{"issue":"3","key":"221_CR12","first-page":"527","volume":"2","author":"PCB Fernandes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fernandes PCB, Guizzardi RSS, Guizzardi G (2011) Using goal modeling to capture competency questions in ontology-based systems. JIDM 2(3):527\u2013540","journal-title":"JIDM"},{"key":"221_CR13","volume-title":"Statistical methods for research workers. Cosmo study guides","author":"R Fisher","year":"1925","unstructured":"Fisher R (1925) Statistical methods for research workers. Cosmo study guides. Cosmo Publications, New Delhi"},{"key":"221_CR14","first-page":"201","volume-title":"CAiSE. Lecture notes in computer science","author":"X Franch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Franch X (2009) A method for the definition of metrics over i* models. In: van Eck P, Gordijn J, Wieringa R (eds) CAiSE. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 5565. Springer, Berlin, pp 201\u2013215"},{"issue":"2","key":"221_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986001002113","volume":"1","author":"PA Games","year":"1976","unstructured":"Games PA, Howell JF (1976) Pairwise multiple comparison procedures with unequal n\u2019s and\/or variances: a monte carlo study. J Educ Behav Stat 1(2):113\u2013125","journal-title":"J Educ Behav Stat"},{"key":"221_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2004.11.017","volume":"18","author":"P Giorgini","year":"2005","unstructured":"Giorgini P, Mylopoulos J, Sebastiani R (2005) Goal-oriented requirements analysis and reasoning in the tropos methodology. Eng Appl Artif Intell 18:159\u2013171. doi: 10.1016\/j.engappai.2004.11.017","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"221_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/6.1.1","volume":"6","author":"WS Gosset","year":"1908","unstructured":"Gosset WS (1908) The probable error of a mean. Biometrika 6(1):1\u201325 (Originally published under the pseudonym \u201cStudent\u201d)","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"221_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36757-1_13","volume-title":"System analysis and modeling: theory and practice. Lecture notes in computer science","author":"J Hassine","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hassine J, Amyot D (2013) GRL model validation: a statistical approach. In: Haugen \u00d8, Reed R, Gotzhein R (eds) System analysis and modeling: theory and practice. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 7744. Springer, Berlin, pp 212\u2013228. doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-36757-1_13"},{"key":"221_CR19","volume-title":"The practice of qualitative research","author":"SN Hesse-Biber","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hesse-Biber SN, Leavy P (2006) The practice of qualitative research. SAGE, Beverley Hills"},{"issue":"3","key":"221_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-012-0290-8","volume":"13","author":"J Horkoff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Horkoff J, Barone D, Jiang L, Yu E, Amyot D, Borgida A, Mylopoulos J (2013) Strategic business modeling\u2014representation and reasoning. Softw Syst Model 13(3):1015\u20131041","journal-title":"Softw Syst Model"},{"issue":"3","key":"221_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-011-0143-y","volume":"18","author":"J Horkoff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Horkoff J, Yu ESK (2013) Comparison and evaluation of goal-oriented satisfaction analysis techniques. Requir Eng 18(3):199\u2013222","journal-title":"Requir Eng"},{"key":"221_CR22","unstructured":"Horkoff J, Yu ESK (2008) Qualitative, interactive, backward analysis of i* models. In: de Castro JB, Franch X, Perini A, Yu ESK (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd international i* workshop (iStar), Recife, Brazil, CEUR workshop proceedings, vol 322. CEUR-WS.org, pp 43\u201346"},{"key":"221_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horkoff J, Yu E, Liu L (2006) Analyzing trust in technology strategies. In: Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on privacy, security and trust: bridge the gap between PST technologies and business services, PST \u201906. ACM, New York, pp 9:1\u20139:12. doi: 10.1145\/1501434.1501446","DOI":"10.1145\/1501434.1501446"},{"key":"221_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iarossi G (2006) The power of survey design: a user\u2019s guide for managing surveys, interpreting results, and influencing respondents. Stand Alone Series. World Bank http:\/\/books.google.tn\/books?id=x964AAAAIAAJ","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-6392-8"},{"key":"221_CR25","unstructured":"IBM (2012) SPSS software http:\/\/www-01.ibm.com\/software\/analytics\/spss\/"},{"key":"221_CR26","unstructured":"ITU-T (2012) Recommendation Z.151 (10\/12) user requirements notation (URN) language definition, Geneva, Switzerland. http:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/T-REC-Z.151\/en"},{"issue":"12","key":"221_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2004.02012.x","volume":"38","author":"S Jamieson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jamieson S (2004) Likert scales: how to (ab)use them. Med Educ 38(12):1217\u20131218. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2004.02012.x","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"221_CR28","unstructured":"jUCMNav (2014) jUCMNav Project, v6.0.0 (tool, documentation, and meta-model). http:\/\/softwareengineering.ca\/jucmnav"},{"key":"221_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-007-0056-y","volume":"13","author":"IJ Jureta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jureta IJ, Faulkner S, Schobbens PY (2008) Clear justification of modeling decisions for goal-oriented requirements engineering. Requir Eng 13:87\u2013115. doi: 10.1007\/s00766-007-0056-y","journal-title":"Requir Eng"},{"key":"221_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jureta I, Mylopoulos J, Faulkner S (2009) Analysis of multi-party agreement in requirements validation. In: RE. IEEE Computer Society, pp 57\u201366","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2009.8"},{"key":"221_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassab M (2013) An integrated approach of AHP and NFRs framework. In: Wieringa R, Nurcan S, Rolland C, Cavarero JL (eds) RCIS, pp 1\u20138. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/RCIS.2013.6577705"},{"issue":"2","key":"221_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199003000-00019","volume":"39","author":"TR Knapp","year":"1990","unstructured":"Knapp TR (1990) Treating ordinal scales as interval scales: an attempt to resolve the controversy. Nurs Res 39(2):121\u2013123","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"221_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2307\/2574595","volume":"46","author":"S Labovitz","year":"1967","unstructured":"Labovitz S (1967) Some observations on measurement and statistics. Social Forces 46(2):151\u2013160. doi: 10.2307\/2574595","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"key":"221_CR34","first-page":"278","volume-title":"Contributions to probability and statistics: essays in honor of Harold Hotelling","author":"H Levene","year":"1960","unstructured":"Levene H (1960) Robust tests for equality of variances. In: Olkin I (ed) Contributions to probability and statistics: essays in honor of Harold Hotelling. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, pp 278\u2013292"},{"key":"221_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liaskos S, Jalman R, Aranda J (2012) On eliciting contribution measures in goal models. In: Heimdahl MPE, Sawyer P (eds) RE. IEEE, pp 221\u2013230","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2012.6345808"},{"issue":"140","key":"221_CR36","first-page":"1","volume":"140","author":"R Likert","year":"1932","unstructured":"Likert R (1932) A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Arch Psychol 140(140):1\u201355","journal-title":"Arch Psychol"},{"key":"221_CR37","first-page":"110","volume-title":"CLIMA. Lecture notes in computer science","author":"I Mirbel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mirbel I, Villata S (2012) Enhancing goal-based requirements consistency: an argumentation-based approach. In: Fisher M, van der Torre L, Dastani M, Governatori G (eds) CLIMA. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 7486. Springer, Berlin, pp 110\u2013127"},{"issue":"2","key":"221_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-010-0100-1","volume":"15","author":"DL Moody","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moody DL, Heymans P, Raimundas Matulevi\u010dius R (2010) Visual syntax does matter: improving the cognitive effectiveness of the i* visual notation. Requir Eng 15(2):141\u2013175. doi: 10.1007\/s00766-010-0100-1","journal-title":"Requir Eng"},{"key":"221_CR39","unstructured":"Munro S, Liaskos S, Aranda J (2011) The mysteries of goal decomposition. In: de Castro et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 5th international i* workshop 2011, Trento, Italy, August 28\u201329, 2011, CEUR workshop proceedings, vol 766. CEUR-WS.org, pp. 49\u201354"},{"key":"221_CR40","unstructured":"Mussbacher G, Amyot D, Heymans P (2011) Eight deadly sins of GRL. In: de Castro et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 5th international i* workshop 2011, Trento, Italy, August 28\u201329, 2011, CEUR workshop proceedings, vol 766. CEUR-WS.org, pp 2\u20137"},{"issue":"5","key":"221_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-010-9222-y","volume":"15","author":"G Norman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Norman G (2010) Likert scales, levels of measurement and the \u201claws\u201d of statistics. Adv Health Sci Educ 15(5):625\u2013632. doi: 10.1007\/s10459-010-9222-y","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ"},{"key":"221_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson WN (1989) Integrating multiple specifications using domain goals. In: Proceedings of the 5th international workshop on software specification and design, IWSSD \u201989. ACM, New York, pp 219\u2013226. doi: 10.1145\/75199.75232","DOI":"10.1145\/75199.75232"},{"key":"221_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson WN (1990) Negotiation behavior during requirements specification. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on software engineering, ICSE \u201990. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, pp. 268\u2013276. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=100296.100335","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.1990.63633"},{"issue":"1","key":"221_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90057-I","volume":"48","author":"TL Saaty","year":"1990","unstructured":"Saaty TL (1990) How to make a decision: the analytic hierarchy process. Eur J Oper Res 48(1):9\u201326. doi: 10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90057-I","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"221_CR45","volume-title":"Questions and answers in attitude surveys: experiments on question form, wording, and context","author":"H Schuman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Schuman H, Presser S (1981) Questions and answers in attitude surveys: experiments on question form, wording, and context. Academic Press, London"},{"key":"221_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36757-1_3","volume-title":"System analysis and modeling: theory and practice. Lecture notes in computer science","author":"A Shamsaei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shamsaei A, Amyot D, Pourshahid A, Yu E, Mussbacher G, Tawhid R, Braun E, Cartwright N (2013) An approach to specify and analyze goal model families. In: Haugen \u00d8, Reed R, Gotzhein R (eds) System analysis and modeling: theory and practice. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 7744. Springer, Berlin, pp 34\u201352. doi: 10.1007\/978-3-642-36757-1_13"},{"key":"221_CR47","unstructured":"StatSoft (2012) Electronic statistics textbook. Tulsa, OK: Statsoft http:\/\/www.statsoft.com\/textbook\/"},{"key":"221_CR48","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"BG Tabachnick","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS (2006) Using multivariate statistics, 5th edn. Allyn & Bacon Inc, Needham Heights","edition":"5"},{"key":"221_CR49","volume-title":"Exploratory data analysis. Addison-Wesley series in behavioral science","author":"J Tukey","year":"1977","unstructured":"Tukey J (1977) Exploratory data analysis. Addison-Wesley series in behavioral science. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading"},{"key":"221_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Lamsweerde A (2008) Requirements engineering: from craft to discipline. In: Harrold MJ, Murphy GC (eds) Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGSOFT international symposium on foundations of software engineering (FSE 2008), Atlanta, GA. ACM, New York, pp 238\u2013249","DOI":"10.1145\/1453101.1453133"},{"key":"221_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinay S, Aithal S, Sudhakara G (2012) A quantitative approach using goal-oriented requirements engineering methodology and analytic hierarchy process in selecting the best alternative. In: Kumar AM, Kumar TVS (eds) Proceedings of international conference on advances in computing, advances in intelligent systems and computing, vol 174. Springer, India, pp. 441\u2013454. doi: 10.1007\/978-81-322-0740-5_54","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-0740-5_54"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"221_CR52","first-page":"28","volume":"34","author":"BL Welch","year":"1947","unstructured":"Welch BL (1947) The generalization of \u2018student\u2019s\u2019 problem when several different population variances are involved. Biometrika 34(1\u20132):28\u201335. doi: 10.1093\/biomet\/34.1-2.28","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"221_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright HK, Kim M, Perry DE (2010) Validity concerns in software engineering research. In: Roman GC, Sullivan KJ (eds) FoSER. ACM, New York, pp 411\u2013414","DOI":"10.1145\/1882362.1882446"},{"key":"221_CR54","unstructured":"Yu ESK (1997) Towards modeling and reasoning support for early-phase requirements engineering. In: Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE international symposium on requirements engineering., RE \u201997IEEE computer society, Washington, DC, pp 226\u2013235"}],"container-title":["Requirements Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00766-015-0221-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00766-015-0221-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00766-015-0221-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T05:59:30Z","timestamp":1559109570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00766-015-0221-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,7]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00766-015-0221-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0947-3602","1432-010X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0947-3602","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-010X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,7]]}}}